a
A
logical connective: sumti afterthought or.
a'a
UI1
attitudinal: attentive - inattentive - avoiding.
See also {jundi}, {rivbi}.
a'acu'i
UI*1
attitudinal: attentive - inattentive - avoiding.
a'anai
UI*1
attitudinal: attentive - inattentive - avoiding.
a'au [experimental]
UI1
attitudinal: moved deeply - unimpressive
emotionally moved deeply (not only positive means). using express complexed/unexplainable emotion.
abu
bu-letteral
BY*
letteral for a.
a'e
UI1
attitudinal: alertness - exhaustion.
See also {sanji}, {cikna}, {tatpi}.
a'enai
UI*1
attitudinal: alertness - exhaustion.
a'i
UI1
attitudinal: effort - no special effort - repose.
See also {gunka}, {slunandu}, {guksurla}, {troci}, {selprogunka}.
ai
UI1
attitudinal: intent - indecision - rejection/refusal.
See also {termu'i}, {terzu'e}, {seljdi}, {selcu'a}.
a'icu'i
UI*1
attitudinal: effort - no special effort - repose.
aicu'i
UI*1
attitudinal: intent - indecision - rejection/refusal.
ai'i [experimental]
UI1
attitudinal: determination - lack of determination - resignation
Expresses an intent/will to act or continue, the lack thereof, or an intent to give up, respectively. Based on {ai} and {a'i}, but unlike {ai}, this makes no implication of decision/indecision. See also {mukti}, {zukte}, {randa}.
a'inai
UI*1
attitudinal: effort - no special effort - repose.
ainai
UI*1
attitudinal: intent - indecision - rejection/refusal.
ai'y [experimental]
BY2
letteral for i when ending a diphthong (ai, ei, oi), sometimes written as ị
a'o
UI1
attitudinal: hope - despair.
See also {pacna}.
a'oi [experimental]
COI
vocative: slightly piratical greetings
See also {xai}, {coi}, {co'oi}, {o'ai}. This is an {u'ivla} from "ahoy".
a'onai
UI*1
attitudinal: hope - despair.
a'u
UI1
attitudinal: interest - disinterest - repulsion.
See also {cinri}, {selcni}.
au
UI1
attitudinal: desire - indifference - reluctance.
See also {djica}.
a'ucu'i
UI*1
attitudinal: interest - disinterest - repulsion.
aucu'i
UI*1
attitudinal: desire - indifference - reluctance.
a'unai
UI*1
attitudinal: interest - disinterest - repulsion.
aunai
UI*1
attitudinal: desire - indifference - reluctance.
au'o [experimental]
UI
combination of "a'o" (hope) with "au" (desire): hopeful wish.
a'u'u [experimental]
UI
attitudinal: peek-a-boo!
au'u [experimental]
UI1
attitudinal: cute (attractive in an innocent way) - lack of cuteness - repulsively uncute
See {citmle}, {dibmle}
au'y [experimental]
BY2
letteral for u when ending a diphthong (au), sometimes written as ụ
a'y [experimental]
BY2
letteral for a.
Synonymous with the original CLL definition of .{abu}.
ba
PU
time tense relation/direction: will [selbri]; after [sumti]; default future tense.
ba'a
UI2
evidential: I expect - I experience - I remember.
See also {kanpe}, {bavykri}, {lifri}, {morji}.
ba'acu'i
UI*2
evidential: I expect - I experience - I remember.
ba'ai [experimental]
MAI
discursive suffix: attaches to number. "I expect with probability..."
Takes a number before it. "pimu ba'ai" = "I expect with probability 0.5". See {kanpe}, {ba'a}, {lakne}, {la'a}
ba'anai
UI*2
evidential: I expect - I experience - I remember.
ba'au [experimental]
CUhE
tense: refers to future of current space/time reference absolutely
in the future of {nau}
baba
PU*
time tense: will be going to; (tense/modal).
baca'a
PU*
time tense: future actuality; modal aspect.
baca'o
ZAhO*
time tense: will be then; (tense/modal).
ba'e
BAhE
forethought emphasis indicator; indicates next word is especially emphasized.
ba'ei [experimental]
BAhEI
forethought emphasis indicator; indicates next WORD only, even if that word is a construct-indicating cmavo
According to CLL 19.11, regular {ba'e} doesnt always emphasize just one word. If it is placed in front of a construct (e.g. {la}), it emphasizes the entire construct. {ba'ei} was designed especially for these cases.
ba'i
BAI
basti modal, 1st place replaced by ...
bai
BAI
bapli modal, 1st place (forced by) forcedly; compelled by force ...
bai'ei [experimental]
VUhU3
unary mathematical operator: successor/augment/increment (by one), succ(a) = a++ = a+1
See also: {su'i} {pa}, {pau'oi}, {balvi}, {jersi}, {selyli'e}, {rebla}, {lamji}
bai'i [experimental]
VUhU
mekso string operator (ternary): find-and-replace; in string/text/word/sequence X1 formally replace X2 (ordered tuple of terms to be replaced) with X3 (ordered tuple of terms to be respectively substituted)
X2 and X3 are ordered tuples of substrings/letters/characters/letterals/digits/numerals. The ith term in tuple X2 is replaced with the ith term in tuple X3; the replacements are executed simultaneously (thus, no overlap/contradiction can be allowed to arise in the substitution- in particular, in X2) - alternatively, if there is overlap/conflict in/between the terms of X2, the replacements are performed in order of presentation (the ith term in X2 is replaced by the ith term in X3, and then the (i+1)th term in X2 is replaced with the (i+1)th term in X3, starting with the 1st term in each). X2 and X3 must have the same length/number of terms - alternatively, X3 cannot be longer/have more terms than X2; in this situation, the ith term of X2 is replaced with the ith term of X3 until and including when the last term of X3 is reached, after which point the remaining terms in X2 are not replaced at all. Use a permutation acting on X2 as the argument for X3 in order to rearrange the substrings of X1; if the alphabet is ordered, then operators can be applied to the letters in order to rotate through the alphabet. In particular, if X1 is a binary string (a word over an alphabet of two letters) and X2 is the 2-tuple of the letters of that binary alphabet (length-1 substrings), then without specification of X3, this operator defaults to bitwise binary negation (bit conjugation) wherein each letter in X1 is replaced by the unique other letter in the binary alphabet (otherwise, the replacement would be the identity/trivial replacement or just a formal substitution letter-by-letter which does not really change the nature of the word). X1 and each entry in X2 and X3 should be quoted, match a necessary type (such as being a character), or be abstracted a level by symbolics. In general, the replacement is formal and the strings in X3 need not be over the same alphabet as the one over which X1 is written. This operator is useful for combinatorial lines and for expanding digits (such as, in a binary string, replacing each occurrence of "0" with "01" and each occurrence of "1" with "10"; note that the replacement is instantaneous and simultaneous for all terms of X2 and every occurrence of such terms in X1, thus this substitution is perfectly acceptable).
bai'i'i [experimental]
VUhU
mekso operator: in ordered tuple/list/vector/sequence X_1, replace the X_2th entry with term X_3 of appropriate type, and leave all other entries untouched (optional: where the index for the very first/leading/header entry is X_4).
X_1 must be some ordered and indexed structure; X_2 must be an index which specifies an entry/element/term which actually appears in X_1; X_3 is an alternative value of appropriate type which can, and after this operation does, replace the X_2th entry/element/term; the counting for indices is according to explicitly specified or implicit cultural convention, or the natural convention for the circumstance, or (when ambiguous or unclear) starts with 1, unless X_4 specifies otherwise (in which case, it is according to that specification). Exactly the X_2th entry is reppaced, and it is replaced with exactly X_3. For example: in (A, B, C), A is the X_4th entry (default: 1st); bai'i'i((A, B, C), 2, b, 1) = (A, b, C). X_2 itself could be replaced with a(n ordered) set of index values, in which case X_3 must be an ordered list of replacement values such that they have the same cardinality; in this situation, the nth index in the index set (according to its ordering) corresponds to an entry in X_1 which gets replaced (respectively) by the nth entry in X_3, where the entries in X_3 are themselves counted/indexed/ordered in the usual manner and with the first/leading/header entry being 1st unless somehow explicitly specified otherwise; the index set is automatically ordered according to the same ordering as on X_3 unless explicitly specified otherwise. Example: bai'i'i((A, B, C, D, E, F, G), Set(5, 2), (b, e), 1) = (A, b, C, D, e, F, G), where the ordering on X_2 and X_3 is the standard ordering starting with 1; note that Set(5, 2) is unordered and that the standard ordering rearranges it as (2, 5) with 2 being the 1st entry/element, meaning that the index 2 (corresponding with B in X_1) gets linked with the first entry of X_3, which is b, meaning that B gets replaced by b in X_1.
ba'o
ZAhO
interval event contour: in the aftermath of ...; since ...; retrospective/perfect | |----.
ba'oi [experimental]
ROI
Converts PA into tense; in [number (usually nonspecific)] possible futures where [sumti (du'u)] is true
Possible futures, given the actual past and present; what might happen. Cf. {mu'ei}.
bapu
PU*
time tense: will have been; (tense/modal).
ba'u
UI3
discursive: exaggeration - accuracy - understatement.
See also {satci}, {dukse}.
bau
BAI
bangu modal, 1st place in language ...
ba'ucu'i
UI*3
discursive: exaggeration - accuracy - understatement.
ba'unai
UI*3
discursive: exaggeration - accuracy - understatement.
bau'u [experimental]
FAhA
preposition: outside of ...
See {bartu}, {ne'i}
baze'e
ZEhA*
time tense: forever after / forevermore
be
BE
sumti link to attach sumti (default x_2) to a selbri; used in descriptions.
be'a
FAhA1
location tense relation/direction; north of.
be'e
COI
vocative: request to send/speak.
be'ei [experimental]
BAI
benre modal, 1st place for beneficiary...
See {benre}, {seva'u}, {tezu'e}, {ko'au}
be'ei'oi [experimental]
VUhU
ternary mekso operator: x_1th Bergelson multiplicative interval with exponents bounded from above by function x_2 and with sequence of shifts x_3, where exponents belong to set x_4
x1 must be a positive integer. x2 must be a strictly monotonic increasing function mapping from all of the positive integers to a subset (not necessarily proper) thereof. x3 must be a sequence of natural numbers. x2 without context will default to the same value as x1 (it is simple linear on the set of positive integers), x3 without context will be a sequence all and only of 1's, x4 without context defaults to the set of all non-negative integers. Let p_i be a prime for all i, with p_1 = 2 and the ith prime (in the normal monotonic increasing order) being p_i. Let all other symbols match the aforementioned conditions. Represent the nth term of the sequence x3 by x3_n; represent the function in x2 being applied to the number m by x2(m). Then x1 be'ei'oi x2 boi x3 boi x4 produces the set of all numbers of the form x3_(x1) * (p_1)^(e_1) *...* (p_(x1))^(e_(x1)), where e_j belongs to the intersection of the interval [0, x2(x1)] with x4.
be'i
BAI
benji modal, 1st place (sender) sent by ...
bei
BEI
separates multiple linked sumti within a selbri; used in descriptions.
bei'e [experimental]
BEIhE
Multiple sumti link; open-ended sumti-linking.
Terminated by {be'o}. Until terminated, all following sumti are considered to successively fill the terbri (in order) of the selbri which immediately precedes this word, filling in accord with the order presented (overridden by FA), starting at x_2 by default. In a sense, this word delves into the world of the selbri, treating it (temporarily/until terminated) as the selbri of a bridi. (This word reduces the number of {be}'s and {be'o}'s required, as well as reduces the amount of jumping around in an utterance/the thinking required.)
bei'oi [experimental]
BEIhOI
Tag linkarge 2
"fi'o broda fe'u be'oi ko'a bei'oi ko'e" = "fi'o broda be ko'a bei ko'e"
bei'u'i [experimental]
VUhU
unary mekso operator: nth Bernoulli number B_{n} of the second kind (B_1 = +1/2 = >0).
Input will usually be a nonnegative integer; odd input which is greater than 1 will output 0. These numbers are very important mathematically and culturally (consider Lovelace's program). In order to transform them into Bernoulli numbers of the first kind (B_1 = -1/2 < 0), when the input n is a nonnegative integer, multiply by (-1)^n ({nei'au}).
be'o
BEhO
elidable terminator: end linked sumti in specified description.
be'oi [experimental]
BEhOI
Tag linkarge
"fi'o broda fe'u be'oi ko'a" = "fi'o broda be ko'a fe'u"
be'u
UI5
attitudinal modifier: lack/need - presence/satisfaction - satiation.
See also {claxu}, {nitcu}, {mansa}.
be'ucu'i
UI*5
attitudinal modifier: lack/need - presence/satisfaction - satiation.
be'unai
UI*5
attitudinal modifier: lack/need - presence/satisfaction - satiation.
bi
-biv-
PA1
digit/number: 8 (digit) [eight].
bi'a [experimental]
UI3a
emphasis indicator; indicates the previous word is especially emphasized
Equivalent to {ba'e} but in UI. See also {ba'e}
bi'ai [experimental]
CAhA
Sumtcita indicating that the bridi must be true under the conditions indicated by the tagged sumti.
See also {narfaunarcu'i}
bi'au [experimental]
UI1
attitudinal: bzz, bee/other insect sound
see also: {mi'au}, {sa'ei}
bi'e
BIhE
prefixed to a mex operator to indicate high priority.
bi'ei [experimental]
PA
number/digit: 2^{(2*5/3)} = 8*(2^{(1/3)}).
Culturally important. This is the base for the so-called 'binary' prefixes ("kibi-", "mebi-", etc.). By switching to this base, "{ki'o}"/"{kilto}" might (in some Lojban dialects) refer to one thousand twenty-four (id est: 'kibi'); if we denote this number by "b" (for "binary" and "base"), then "ki'o"/"kilto" would (in those dialects) refer to b^3 = (2^{(2*5/3)})^3 = 2^{(2*5)} = 1024 (in decimal notation); likewise for any other standard 'binary' prefix (ones which refer to a numeric coefficient of form 2^{(2*5n)} for nonzero integer n). In any case, "{bi'ei zei kilto}" would probably refer to such a value.
bi'i
-biz-
BIhI
non-logical interval connective: unordered between ... and ...
biki'o
PA*
number/quantity: 8,000 expressed with comma.
bimei
MOI*
quantifier selbri: convert 8 to cardinal selbri; x_1 is a set with the octet of members x_2.
bimoi
MOI*
quantified selbri: convert 8 to ordinal selbri; x_1 is eighth among x_2 ordered by rule x_3.
bino
PA*
number/quantity: 80 [eighty].
binono
PA*
number/quantity: 800 [eight hundred].
binonovo
PA*
number/quantity: 8004, without comma.
bi'o
BIhI
non-logical interval connective: ordered from ... to ...
bi'oi [experimental]
BIhI
non-logical interval connective: ordered interval with specified endpoint/terminus x_1 and signed measure/length/duration x_2; interval between x_1 and x_1 + x_2 according to the ordering of the space.
This word is a member of selma'o BIhI. The space must be ordered or directed in some sense. Let the space X be the traditionally-ordered field of real numbers, and x and y be in X (or x be a geometric point which is represented in such manner and which belongs to a specified line/ray which has a defined positive direction and a specification of the meaning of the length of 1 unit); then, "x bi'oi y" represents the interval between x and x + y, where y is signed. In other words, this interval is like the body of the string in the scenario in which one of its endpoints is tacked down at x and the other is dragged out a distance y therefrom in the directions specified by the signum of y (with the string being pulled taut and being of length exactly y). Maintaining the same notation and continuing discussion of "x bi'oi y": if the clusivity for the first term (or 'on the left') is specified, then x is or is not included in the referenced interval as specified; if the clusivity for the second term (or 'on the right') is specified, then x + y is or is not included in the referenced interval as specified (note: this does not generally indicate whether y is included in the referenced interval). Units, particularly for y, must be explicit when appropriate. In a connected acyclic directed graph, x would be a node and y would be the graph-geodesic distance therefrom in the direction (if y is positive), or in the opposite direction (if y is negative), of the graph. This definition enables the ISO 8601 standard for time interval specification in the cases (1) of a starting time/pastward endpoint (namely x) and a duration (y: y > 0), and (2) of an ending time/futureward endpoint (namely x) and a duration (y: y < 0), where notation for "x" and "y" (in the usage "x bi'oi y") is continued from the earlier discussion in this note in the case of the number lines or the real; note that, in this usage case, x is a point in time (a timestamp) and y is a duration (elapsed time or measure of time, and which thus has explicitly specified units or something akin to the ISO 8601 standard notation for durations). See this proposal for more information on related topics: https://mw.lojban.org/papri/Proposal:_loi_lerfu_tcita_detri;_the_final_word_on_the_problem_of_dates_and_times%3F . Importantly, the ISO 8601 standard in the case of an ending time and a duration has the terms expressed in the order of y followed by x with y being positive; when this word is used for such purposes, y must be negative, but the order of x and y may be exchanged via usage of "{se}" (resulting in "{sebi'oi}"). Generally, the distinction between points/'positions' (represented by x) and measures/vectors/'displacements'/'translation vectors' (represented by y), in the sense of affine spaces, must be maintained when using this word. See also: "{bi'o}", "{bi'i}", "{mi'i}", "{bi'oi'au}", and https://mw-live.lojban.org/papri/Extended_Dimensionality_of_Interval_cmavo .
bi'oi'au [experimental]
PA
digit/number: interval/range indicator for significant digits (determined by lesser endpoint).
Given a well-formed digit string "x_{n} x_{n-1} ... x_{m} bi'oi'au x_{m-1} x_{m-2} ...", where (a) "x_i" is a member of selma'o PA (other than this word or similar words; including at most one instance of "{pi}") for all i, and (b) the string represents^{*_1} a finite number in base-b (with b taken to be ten by cultural convention in most human cases unless explicitly specified otherwise), the usage of this word in the aforementioned digit string yields an output of the interval [\\sum_{i = 0}^{\\infty}{(x_{n-i} b^{n-i})}, \\, b^{m} + \\sum_{i = 0}^{\\infty}{(x_{n-i} b^{n-i})}), after adjusting for "x_k" in the original string being "{pi}" or "{pi'e}" vel sim. for at least one k (because that does not work in the summation notation without adjustment); notice the placement of the comma in the interval and clusivity of the endpoints thereof (lesser endpoint is included, but the greater one is excluded). Therefore, using/under the aforementioned notation and assumptions and specifications, usage of this word in "x_{n} x_{n-1} ... x_{m} bi'oi'au x_{m-1} x_{m-2} ..." outputs an interval which is equivalent to the evaluation of/interval referenced by "eval("x_{n} x_{n-1} ... x_{m} x_{m-1} x_{m-2} ...") {ga'o} {bi'oi} {ke'i} b^{m}". Importantly, usage of this word generates an interval, not a specific number (even if such would be elliptical or vague) - meaning, among other things, that equality to such an expression would be set equality, and not numeric equality. Note that the interval which is generated includes the lesser (left) endpoint (which is the number specified by the string with this word ignored in/removed from it) but excludes the greater (right) endpoint (which is the same number plus some integer power of the base b). As an example, where "B" represents this word: "2B000" yields [2000, 3000); meanwhile, "20B00" yields [2000, 2100); also, "10.2B7" yields [10.27, 10.37). This word/function is useful for dates (example: "the 2000s"), ages (example: "they are in their twenties"), or any estimate wherein the significant digits are known. Note that, for example, this functionality supports simple calendrical centuries (example: "1900 to 2000, exclusive of the latter only"), canonical calendrical centuries (example: "1901 to 2001, exclusive of the latter only"), and complicated century-long time intervals (example: "1969 to 2069, exclusive of the latter only"); and analogy applies, of course. The interval which is generated is a complete (math jargon) subset of the real numbers - there are no gaps and, in particular, the interval is not discrete (for example: it is not restricted to only the integers). Note that this word does not yield an interval of an arbitrary length; use "{bi'oi}", "{bi'i}", or "{bi'o}" for that. Use a construct similar to "there exists a t in (the interval) {re} bi'oi'au {mu} such that their age is measured to be (approximately) t in years" in order to express "they are in their twenties (at least 20 years old and less than 30 years old)"; the full English expression is wordy, but Lojban can make it concise in translation. See also: "{bi'oi}", "{mi'i'au}", "{su'ai}". (Footnote #1: this entire commentary section assumes that the method of interpretation is via a big-endian, traditional, unbalanced, positional, base-b numerical-representation system with b being an integer such that b > 1; however, the method of interpretation can be extended to other systems, such as p-adics or such as balanced integer or complex base-b systems, in natural and fairly self-evident ways, although no endeavor shall be made herein in order to do so and the assumptions about b and the method of interpretation should be as aforementioned, ignoring such possibilities for extension).
bi'u
UI3a
discursive: newly introduced information - previously introduced information.
See also {nindatni}, {saurdatni}.
bi'unai
UI*3
discursive: newly introduced information - previously introduced information.
bo
-bor-
BO
short scope joiner; joins various constructs with shortest scope and right grouping.
Cf. {ke}, {ke'e}.
bo'a [experimental]
KOhA8
pro-sumti: definitional terbri variable 1; x_1
May be used to define words with {cei'e}, or to talk about definitions of existing or proposed words. Series: {bo'a} {bo'e} {bo'i} {bo'o} {bo'u}
bo'ai [experimental]
LI2
convert number into pro-sumti: definitional terbri variable with associated number; x_n
Extends {bo'a} series indefinitely.
bo'a'oi [experimental]
JOI
non-logical connective: in superposition with
Useful for Schrodinger's cat, waves, interaction fields, etc. Using normal English conjunction, we say that Schrodinger's cat is both alive AND dead, but this is not exactly true: it is in a state which is the superposition of the living 'eigenstate' and the dead 'eigenstate'.
bo'e [experimental]
KOhA8
pro-sumti: definitional terbri variable 2; x_2
May be used to define words with {cei'e}, or to talk about definitions of existing or proposed words. Series: {bo'a} {bo'e} {bo'i} {bo'o} {bo'u}
bo'ei [experimental]
GOhOI
single Lojban-word name quote, turns to selbri-unit: "x_1 is that which has this name"
Similar to {ze'oi}, but specifically used for names. Convenient for tanru with {brivycme} and grammars with brivla-cmevla merge, to avoid having to wrap a single word up in "{me} {la} ... {ku}".
bo'i [experimental]
KOhA8
pro-sumti: definitional terbri variable 3; x_3
May be used to define words with {cei'e}, or to talk about definitions of existing or proposed words. Series: {bo'a} {bo'e} {bo'i} {bo'o} {bo'u}
boi
BOI
elidable terminator: terminate numeral or letteral string.
boi'ai [experimental]
VUhU
unary mekso operator: immediately convert number into a single digit.
See: http://mw.lojban.org/papri/Proposal:_distinguishing_digits_from_numbers#Clean-Up
boi'au [experimental]
JOIhI
immediately convert symbolic string to number (explicit)
See: http://mw.lojban.org/papri/Proposal:_distinguishing_digits_from_numbers#Clean-Up
boi'e'u [experimental]
BOI*
mekso operator/function terminator (in Polish notation): inserts exactly enough "{boi}"'s consecutively so as to terminate the most recently uttered operator/function in a mekso expression
Encloses the operator and all of its explicitly mentioned operands within a pair of mekso parenthesis ({vei} and {ve'o} respectively). All operand slots that have not already been explicitly filled are now (implicitly) filled by the default operand, {xo'ei} (which itself is taken to behave in its default mode), or the identity element under that operator/function in that position/role (in the sense that 0 or 1 is identity under exponentiation as the position/role of being the base but only 1 is identity for exponentiation in the exponent position/role). Operators of arbitrary arity (such as {su'i}) are terminated immediately after the most recently explicitly mentioned operand. If the character string/digraph "eu" (and a corresponding diphthong) ever becomes valid in Lojban, .krtisfranks. asks that the meaning of this word be transferred wholly intact to "{boi'eu}" and that then this word be(come) unassigned.
boi'oi [experimental]
BOIhOI
preserve formal interpretation of mekso subexpression with no substitutions made
In a sense, "converts" an expression from one that has been tampered with in any way to exactly what was uttered in the first place. See: http://mw.lojban.org/papri/Proposal:_distinguishing_digits_from_numbers#Avoiding_the_.22.22D.22_Equals_.229.22.22_hole
boi'o'u [experimental]
BOIhOhU
explicit "mu'o'u"-orientation marker
Must be adjacent to at least one "{mu'o'u}". It 'walls off' that "mu'o'u" from applying to a quotation on the other side of this word; by the nature of "mu'o'u", this word should be elidable when two "mu'o'u"s are mutually adjacent (if this word were to be absent) or when there is no more than one quotation which is adjacent to the "mu'o'u" in question (if this word were to be absent), or when there is no "mu'o'u"; it is mandatory when it is not elidable. Example: in "lu X li'u mu'o'u lu Y li'u", it is not clear which quote (and, more specifically, which end of which quote) is being modified by "mu'o'u" - in this case, "boi'o'u" is mandatory; in "lu X li'u boi'o'u mu'o'u lu Y li'u", the "mu'o'u" applies to the quote with Y; in "lu X li'u mu'o'u boi'o'u lu Y li'u", the "mu'o'u" applies to the quote with X; in "lu X li'u mu'o'u (boi'o'u) mu'o'u lu Y li'u", the first "mu'o'u" applies to the quote with X, the second to the quote with Y, and this word is not necessary (marked via parenthesis).
bo'o [experimental]
KOhA8
pro-sumti: definitional terbri variable 4; x_4
May be used to define words with {cei'e}, or to talk about definitions of existing or proposed words. Series: {bo'a} {bo'e} {bo'i} {bo'o} {bo'u}
bo'oi [experimental]
UI5
attitudinal: silliness - maturity
Expresses silliness, similar to one sense of ":P" (another sense being "zo'o"). What the speaker said is intended to be interpreted as being silly (not necessarily the same as humorous). Based on bebna and zo'o. See also {zo'o}, {bebna}
bo'u [experimental]
KOhA8
pro-sumti: definitional terbri variable 5; x_5
May be used to define words with {cei'e}, or to talk about definitions of existing or proposed words. Series: {bo'a} {bo'e} {bo'i} {bo'o} {bo'u}
bu
-bus-
-bu'i-
BU
convert any single word to BY.
bu'a
-bul-
GOhA
logically quantified predicate variable: some selbri 1.
bu'a'a [experimental]
UI1b
naturalistic interjection: used to express a fit of overwhelming or uncontrollable laughter; the stereotypical 'evil laugh'
Additional -'a syllables may be added as desired. See {u'i}, {le'o}, {xa'a}, {cmila}, {palci}
bu'ai [experimental]
NU
abstractor: abstractor to create logically quantified selbri variable to be used in predicate logic of third or higher order.
{zo'e} and {da} are a constant and a bound variable of predicate logic of first order respectively; {co'e} and {bu'a} are a selbri constant and a bound selbri variable of predicate logic of second order respectively; in order to express predicate logic of third or higher order, it is essential to have selbri that treat selbri variables in the domain of all selbri of second order. {su'u} and {bu'ai} in selma'o NU can compose respectively a selbri constant and a bound selbri variable in the domain of all selbri of second order. In the case that {bu'ai} takes plural number of selbri variables, connect them with {ju'e} or something. Higher order is also possible by nesting {bu'ai}. Example: su'o bu'ai xe'u kei su'o bu'a ro da zo'u bu'ai da bu'a (This {xe'u} is an abstraction-variable-indicator-{selbrisle} used in order to put a word of selma'o NU in prenex.) See also {su'u}, {bu'a}; {xe'u}.
bu'e
GOhA
logically quantified predicate variable: some selbri 2.
bu'i
GOhA
logically quantified predicate variable: some selbri 3.
bu'o
UI7
attitudinal contour: start emotion - continue emotion - end emotion.
bu'ocu'i
UI*7
attitudinal contour: start emotion - continue emotion - end emotion.
bu'o'e [experimental]
BY
elliptical/unspecified/vague letteral/symbol
Has use in mekso at the least; in this context, it might subsume {xo'e} (but see: {xo'e'o'e}). It also may be useful in spelling, initialisms, etc. If used as a pro-sumti (as other letters are), it means {zo'e} but only for reasonable or previously specified letterals assignments.
bu'oi [experimental]
COI
Interjection: Boo!
A way to shock people analogous to yelling "BOO!" at someone.
bu'onai
UI*7
attitudinal contour: start emotion - continue emotion - end emotion.
bu'u
FAhA3
location tense relation/direction; coincident with/at the same place as; space equivalent of ca.
by
BY2
letteral for b.
by'ai [experimental]
PA
digit/number: eighteen (decimal 18).
ca
PU
time tense relation/direction: is [selbri]; during/simultaneous with [sumti]; present tense.
ca'a
-caz-
CAhA
modal aspect: actuality/ongoing event.
ca'au [experimental]
KOhA7
Refers to what is usually assumed to be the argument of tense tags when no explicit argument is given
Usually, {pu} {ca'au} means the same as {pu} {ku}. What {ca'au} refers to depends on the bridi operators before it.
caba'o
ZAhO*
time tense: has been, is now in the aftermath of; (tense/modal).
caca'a
PU*
time tense: present actuality; modal aspect.
caca'o
ZAhO*
time tense: is now/simultaneously, is now in the middle of; (tense/modal).
ca'e
UI2
evidential: I define.
See also {mitcu'a}, {mitsmu}.
ca'edai
UI*2
discursive / expression: "If you say so"
See {ca'e}, {dai}, {vi'o}
ca'e'ei [experimental]
UI
Evidential: "because I say so"/"because I assert it to be true"/"it is known".
Maybe also "because I am your parent" in some contexts. The claim is true not because the utterer defines it to be so/has the authority or ability to make it so, but instead simply because they claim it to be true. Useful for dealing with annoying children who ask "why" iteratively; not useful for actually convincing anyone of the claim.
ca'ei [experimental]
CAhEI
shorthand for {ca lo nu}; during the event-of
People who speak the dialect that uses {ca'ei} also use {pu'ei} and {ba'ei} for {pu} {lo} {nu} and {ba} {lo} {nu} respectively. Terminates with {ku'ei}.
ca'ei'a [experimental]
VUhU
Unary mekso operator: unit vector/normalization of the argument (vector) X.
Outputs X/|X|, where X is the vector-valued input; this is the unit vector which points in the direction of X. It might generalize to other tensors and the like. The definition of the magnitude/norm/metric is left to context or the explicit definition of the space in which X lives.
ca'enai
UI2
evidential: I don't define
ca'i
BAI
catni modal, 1st place by authority of ...
cai
CAI
attitudinal: strong intensity attitude modifier.
cai'e [experimental]
NAhE
strong scalar intensifier: extremely...
{rei'e}:{ru'e}:{milxe} ; {noi'e}:{na'oi}:{cnano} ; {sai'e}:{sai}:{mutce} ; {cai'e}:{cai}:{tcetce}. See http://mw.lojban.org/papri/zipcpi:_scalar_modifiers
cajeba
PU*
time tense: during and after; (tense/modal).
caku
PU*
Now. At the present time.
The terminator {ku} is used to close the tense {ca}.
ca ma
PU*
sumti question asking for a time/date/event; simultaneous with what?.
canlu bu
bu-letteral
BY*
space (character)
Unicode code point U+20.
ca'o
ZAhO
interval event contour: during ...; continuative |-----|.
ca'o'a [experimental]
ZAhO
Contraction of ca'o co'a. Expresses that the event is progressively beginning.
Instead of "mi ca'o co'a viska so'o dilnu", one can say "mi ca'o'a viska so'o dilnu".
ca'o'e [experimental]
VUhU
mekso 4-nary operator: spherical harmonics on colatitudinal/polar angle a and azimuthal/longitudinal angle b of unassociated order c and associated order d.
Usually denoted Y^m_l (\\theta, \\phi). The Condon-Shortley phase must be prepended to the definition. The normalization is chosen so that the integral over all (solid) angles of Y^m_l(\\Omega) conj(Y^n_k(\\Omega)) = \\delta(m,n) \\delta(l,k).
ca'oi [experimental]
VUhU
binary operator: complex number from argument and phase, (r, \\phi) \\mapsto r e^{i \\phi}
For example, {re} {ca'oi} {pai} is −2, and {pa} {ca'oi} {vei} {pai}{fe'i}{vo} is about 0.7071 + 0.7071i.
capu'o
ZAhO*
time tense: is going to, is now just about to, is now anticipating; (tense/modal).
ca'u
FAhA2
location tense relation/direction; forwards/to the front of ...
cau
BAI
claxu modal, 1st place lacked by ...
cau'a [experimental]
NA
elliptical/unspecified truth value; "maybe, maybe not"
{cau'i}, but in NA. Indicates unspecificity or uncertainty between {ja'a} and {na}. See {cau'e}.
ca'u'e [experimental]
CAhUhE
begin lines of serial dialogue
Usually, the user should immediately precede this word by ".{i}{ni'o}". This word introduces a dialogue or series of utterances/expressions, which will usually be unmarked for speaker (although subscripting is available), in a free-floating structure; the result is essentially like an assertion that the subsequent dialogue took place (from the standpoint of needing a selbri for a grammatical expression). Only quotations, text, "{sedu'u}" expressions, "{lu'e}" concepts or similar may be enclosed in the structure which is introduced by this word, ignoring subscripts and parentheticals and similar. The lines of dialogue which constitute the elements enclosed by the produced structure function as in and are serialized as described by the open-ended terbri tail of "{tcasnuue}" (id est: tcasnuue_i for i > 6). Use this word in a transcript, or in a book when discussing fast-pased dialogue in which specifying speaker is not necessary/desired and would break the flow, etc. This word/the structure produced thereby is terminated by "{ca'u'o}". The structure is not intended to modify any other constructions and should typically be immediately followed by ".{i}{ni'o}".
cau'e [experimental]
NAhE
elliptical/unspecified scalar modifier: "maybe, maybe not", modifies next selbri-unit or tag
{cau'i}, but in NAhE. Shortened from {cau'o'e}. See {cau'a}.
cau'i [experimental]
CAI
modifier / discursive: elliptical affirmative; "maybe, maybe not"
Elliptical NAI/CAI. "Maybe yes, maybe no, maybe somewhere in between". Can also modify attitudinals: {uicau'i} = "Maybe I'm happy, maybe I'm sad". See {ju'ocu'i}, {ju'acu'i}, {ju'oinai}, {cau'a}, {cau'e}, {na'i}, {ge'e}
ca'u'o [experimental]
CAhUhO
Terminate "ca'u'e" construct.
Elidable terminator; seldom actually elidable in practice, except at the end of text. See: "{ca'u'e}".
cau'o'e [experimental]
NAhE
elliptical/vague/indecisive scalar affirmer/negator; true neutral/non-committed/uninvolved scalar truthfulness/assertion
Useful for when the truthfulness or falseness of a bridi is undesirable (the speaker makes no firm stance or assumption on the matter). Different from {no'e} in that it does not necessarily select a neutral value on a scale; it merely acknowledges that some value on the scale could be chosen/that the scale exists, but does not choose one (it is hands-off). If one does not want to accuse someone of being or doing something, but wants to talk about it, this word would be used; often can be used for "are or are not".
cazi
PU*
right now
Narrows the scope/meaning of "now" to be relatively more immediate (but it still may encompass a small interval that extends into the objective/physical past and/or future).
cazu
PU*
nowadays, wide sense of "now"
The interval that is considered to be "now" by the speaker is relatively large(r).
ce
-cec-
JOI
non-logical connective: set link, unordered; "and also", but forming a set.
ce'a
LAU
2-word letteral/shift: the word following indicates a new font (e.g. italics, manuscript).
ce'ai [experimental]
ZOhU
lambda variable prenex; marks the end of introduction of lambda-scope variables.
Cf. {zo'u}. In effect this word is used as a shortcut around verbose repeated assignment in a {ka} prenex: lo ka ce'u goi ko'a ce'u goi ko'e ... zo'u ... is the same as lo ka ko'a ko'e ... ce'ai ... In either form this style can be used to avoid subscripting and to disambiguate nested {ka}, {ni}, etc.
ce'au [experimental]
JOI
Formulates periodic ordered list of exactly the connectands in the order presented.
Links together conmectands in a single list until connectives end or get interrupted (say, by a higher-precedent different connective); so "x1 ce'au x2 ce'au x3" produces a single ordered list of period three of form "x1, x2, x3, x1, x2, x3, x1, ... [etc.]". If the list has a natural or known definitive initial state/element (but no such terminating one), then it is the first element which is mentioned; likewise, if the list has a natural or known definitive terminating state/element (but no such initial one), then it is the last item/connectand explicitly mentioned and linked by this word into the same list; both of these are semi-infinite cases. Finite cases have no pressuposed beginning or end state/item. This word is agnostic on whether the list is finite (only finitely many repetitions naturally/are known to occur; arbitrarily many periods/cycles or otherwise), semi-infinite (infinitely many repetitions occur, but there is a definitive start or end state which is natural or known to occur; it is also agnostic, in this case, about which of these options is the applicable one), or doubly-infinite (extends in both directions infinitely; infinitely many cycles, no definitive beginning or end). If exactly two items are linked into the list in total, then the list is 2-periodic: it alternates between the two items (back-and-forth); examples of this would be "on and off" (describing, say, a flickering light), "right, left, right, left, ..." (describing walking), etc. Having exactly three items in the list will produce a list which is 3-periodic and 'rotates' through the items cyclically in order; an example of this would be a description of traffic light signals ("green, yellow, red, green, yellow, red, green, ..."); it does not oscillate/swing back and forth between the explicit 'period endpoints' (so, NOT "green, yellow, red, yellow, green, yellow, red, yellow, green, ..."). See also: {je}, {ce}, {fa'u}.
ce'e
CEhE
links terms into an afterthought termset.
ce'ei'oi [experimental]
CEhEIhOI
BIhI argument modifier: indicates dimensionality/length of tuple
Followed immediately by a nonnegative integer n (which is no less than the length of the nearby argument) without "li" prefacing it; otherwise, it is terminated and the (implicit/elided) number assumed is {za'u} {pa}. The argument is understood to be a point/formal tuple in a space of at least the 'dimensionality' described by n. Its exact behavior depends on context (for example: being next to a formal tuple versus next to a point in, say, a geometric space). See: https://mw.lojban.org/index.php?title=Extended_Dimensionality_of_Interval_cmavo
ce'i
-cez-
PA3
digit/number: % percentage symbol, hundredths.
cei
CEI
selbri variable assignment; assigns broda series pro-bridi to a selbri.
cei'a [experimental]
MOI
x_1 is the year / era of years indicated by PA (digit string) in calendar system x_2
In the PA string, use PA4 digits as blanks to refer to time ranges. For example: "lo pasobixo'e cei'a" is the eighties (198X years), "lo pamuso'ixo'e cei'a" is the late 16th century (high 15XX years). x1 is an event or concept.
cei'e [experimental]
SEI
define following selbri with sentence or tu'e...tu'u clause
Usage: The selbri after {cei'e} is defined by the associated sentence or {tu'e}...{tu'u} clause. {bo'a}, {bo'e}, {bo'i}, {bo'o}, and {bo'u} represent places x_1 through x_5 within its place structure. (Use {bo'ai} for more places if needed, or {ce'u} for "next place"). // {cei'e} is meant to be used to define new words (implicit {ca'e}) but may be modified by evidentials to express an assertion ({ju'a}) or opinion ({pe'i}) on a meaning instead. Alternatively, {smuni} and {ka'ei} may be used. // See {cei}, {goi}, {goi'e}
cei'i [experimental]
GOhA
pro-bridi: the universal predicate
True for all values. See also: {zai'o} (pro-sumti; empty), {gai'o} (pro-bridi; empty), {mai'i} (pro-sumti; universal), {ctaipe}.
cei'u [experimental]
LAhE
extracts an element from a set, category, class, group, collection, organization, system, etc.
The following word should be a set, category, or class; the result is some element which belongs thereto. Approximately equivalent to "lo cmima be [following sumti]".
ce'o
-ce'o-
JOI
non-logical connective: ordered sequence link; "and then", forming a sequence.
ce'oi [experimental]
JOI
argument list separator: acts as a comma between arguments in an argument list supplied to a function.
"ce'oi" is the word of choice to separate the arguments in bridi_3. Using {ce'o} there has obvious limitations when the selbri actually calls for a sequence. Obviously, ce'oi has issues too if the selbri can accept an argument list, but this can be circumvented more readily with {ke}...{ke'e} brackets than it can with {ce'o}. Consider ".i lo ka broda cu selbri fi ko'a ce'o ko'e". Without inspecting the type requirements of {broda} and the respective types of {ko'a} and {ko'e}, one cannot determine the meaning of the {bridi}. Furthermore, if one accepts non-static typing of {sumti} places, multiple correct answers can be given for a question asking what is the bridi_1. This would create ambiguity that is otherwise resolved by "ce'oi". See also {ka}, {du'u}, {me'au}
ce'u
KOhA8
pseudo-quantifier binding a variable within an abstraction that represents an open place.
ci
-cib-
PA1
digit/number: 3 (digit) [three].
ci'a [experimental]
BAhE
metadata tag / hashtag
Hashtags are very common in written Lojban conversations. This cmavo makes them pronouncable, thereby opening them up for verbal communication.
ci'ai [experimental]
UI
discursive: marks an utterance as using something that is experimental/not official, especially experimental grammar
In some sense, functions as an error marker or an error quote (but without the quote).
ci'ai'u [experimental]
VUhU
unary mex operator: n-set; maps a nonnegative integer 'a' to the set \\{1, \\dots ,a\\} (the intersection of the set of all natural numbers with the closed ordered interval [1,a] such that a geq 1).
0 maps to the empty set. Inputting infinity produces the set of all natural numbers, N.
ci'au [experimental]
CIhAU ... CIhAUhU
attitudinal-indicator-to-selbri conversion: x_1 feels the indicated emotion toward/about x_2.
The inverse of {ki'ai}. The x_2 place is defined as the thing to which x1 would apply the attitudinal indicator to when using the attitudinal to express the feeling: {mi} ci'au {iu} {do} communicates much the same thing as using {do} {iu} in a bridi. See also {inmo}, {cinmo} and the {uinmo} series of zi'evla: {uinmo}, {u'inmo}, {uanmo}, etc.
ci'au'i [experimental]
VUhU
mensonge at-most-3-ary operator: integer lattice ball; the set of all points belonging to the intersection of Z^n with the closure of the ball that is centered on X_1 and has radius X_2 in metric X_3, where Z is the set of all integers and where, for any set A and non-negative integer n, A^n is the set of all n-tuples such that each coordinate/entry/term belongs to A
X_3 defaults to whatsoever metric is specified to apply but which is outside of this function; contextless default is discrete, taxicab, Euclidean, Chebyshev maximum norm; for explicit specification, use "{mau'au}"-"{zai'ai}" quotation. X_2 defaults to 1. X_1 defaults to 0 = (0,...,0), id est the origin. See also: {mi'i}, {ci'au'u}.
ci'au'u [experimental]
CIhAU ... CIhAUhU
elidable terminator: end conversion of attitudinal indicator to selbri; elidable except before further attitudinals.
ci'au'u'au'i [experimental]
UI1
attitudinal: pride about having just invented a new attitudinal - shame about having just invented a new attitudinal
ci'e
BAI
ciste modal, 1st place used in scalar negation in system/context ...
ci'i
PA5
digit/number: infinity; followed by digits => aleph cardinality.
ci'i'e [experimental]
PA
transfnite cardinal beth
See also: {ci'i}.
ci'ima'u
PA*
number: uncountably infinite of some sort or infinite in the sense of satisfying the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis.
An infinite cardinality which is not countable (aleph-0); if the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis (GCH) is rejected, meaning that the only infinite cardinalities are those of aleph-n form (for nonnegative integer n), then this word would incorporate all uncountable infinities (aleph-m for any strictly positive integer m); else, it incorporates those and any infinity which is strictly larger than aleph-0.
ci'ino
PA*
Digit string: aleph-nought, aleph-0, the cardinality of the natural (alternatively: integer) numbers
ci'inoroi
*ROI
tense interval modifier: countably infinitely many times; objectively quantified tense; defaults as time tense.
Not necessarily discrete or unbounded in time, nor (eventually or otherwise) infinitely frequent; as a set of Lebesgue measure 0, it is definitely not "always" ({roroi}) in most contexts. For a less specific form of "infinitely many times", use "{ci'iroi}". For the R type of uncountably infinitely many times, use "{ci'iparoi}".
ci'i'o [experimental]
PA
transfinite ordinal little-omega; if followed by a number, it denotes the ordinal which is little-omega subscripted therewith in English notation
See also: {ci'i'e}, {ci'i'oi}.
ci'i'oi [experimental]
PA
transfinite ordinal little-epsilon; if followed by a number, in English notation, the following number would be denoted by a subscript
See also: {ci'i}, {ci'i'e}, {ci'i'o}.
ci'iparoi
ROI*
tense interval modifier: continuum (R) type infinitely many time(s); objectively quantified tense; defaults as time tense.
Strictly more times than "{ci'inoroi}" but not necessarily equivalent to "{roroi}" (for example, this word's reference set of times includes bounded intervals (not treated as "{paroi}"/single discrete events) and intervals with gaps). More specific than "{ci'iroi}".
ci'iroi
ROI*
tense interval modifier: occurs infinite times, eternally; objective tense; defaults as time.
ciki'o
PA*
number/quantity: 3,000 expressed with comma.
cimei
MOI*
quantifier selbri: convert 3 to cardinal selbri; x_1 is a set with the trio of members x_2.
cimoi
MOI*
quantified selbri: convert 3 to ordinal selbri; x_1 is third among x_2 ordered by rule x_3.
cino
PA*
number/quantity: 30 [thirty].
cinogeipa
PA*
number: 1*10^30, quetta, nonillion; symbol: Q
cinono
PA*
number/quantity: 300 [three hundred].
ci'o
BAI
cinmo modal, 1st place emotionally felt by ...
ci'o'au [experimental]
VUhU
mekso operator (binary): projection function; the Bth term/entry ("element") of tuple A
A must be a tuple. Let L = length(A); then L is a positive integer, 0, or infinity (countable), and A = (A_1, A_2, ..., A_L), and B must be a natural number and belong to the ordered interval [1, L]. If L = 0, the output is a placeholder "blank element"; else, if B does not satisfy the aforementioned condition, then the function is undefined. Using the aforementioned notation, and letting Proj represent the projection function, Proj(A, B) = A_B; note that B = 1 will cause the output of the first entry in the tuple, which is A_1. For any i, there is no restriction on the typing/value of A_i so long as it is defined; the type of A_i need not even match the type of A_j for i =/= j. See also: {bai'ei}, {no'au'au}, {pi'ei}. Notice that the input is a single tuple and an integer, it does not rely on anyou underlying stucture; this is markedly different from a the dot product of vectors, although by establishing a basis and an underlying field, they can look quite similar.
ci'oi [experimental]
COI2
Converts following cmevla or zoi-quote into psychomime.
Narrower term than {tai'i}. See also {ci'o}, {cinmo}, {sa'ei}, {ki'ai}. Examples in some languages. jpn: そわそわ (sowasowa): restlessly. nep: सुखदुख (sukhadukha): lit. happiness-sorrow; the human condition. eng: "zing", "yoink"
ciroi
ROI*
tense interval modifier: thrice; objectively quantified tense; defaults as time tense.
ci'u
BAI
ckilu modal, 1st place on the scale ...
claxu bu
bu-letteral
BY*
letteral: ellipsis mark (letteral).
co
-col-
CO
tanru inversion operator; "... of type ..."; allows modifier trailing sumti without sumti links.
co'a
-co'a-
ZAhO
interval event contour: at the starting point of ...; initiative >|< |.
co'a'a [experimental]
ZAhO
superfective inchoative; starting too late
Opposite of {xa'o} by {co'a}; also opposite of {co'u'a}.
co'ai [experimental]
COhAI
placed after a tanru with CO, following sumti return to the place structure of the left tanru unit.
"broda co brode do" = "broda co brode be do", however "broda co brode co'ai do" = "broda be do co brode". Overrides the rule that sumti following a tanru with CO belong to the place structure of the right tanru unit. Scope of a single CO; "broda co brode co brodi" would need "co'ai" once to return to "brode" and twice to return to "broda". Proposed rafsi: -cox-. See also: {co}.
co'ai'e [experimental]
CO
Non-committal/agnostic/unassertive/abstaining/neutral tanru inversion.
This is not merely the assertion that any or some other CO will work (which is the elliptical case: {co'o'e}) nor that some connective between the identity ({co'au'e}) and full ({co}) inverses would do (such as: {co'au'ejoico}, {co'au'ejaco}, etc.; notice that these decompose into two distinct bridi which are connected as indicated). It is the assertion that the utterer does not care which CO is used here or that they are not necessarily asserting one way or the other (in fact, they are actively asserting a neutral or abstaining stance).
co'au'a [experimental]
ZAhO
interval event contour: at the restarting/renewal point of...
The event is being considered somewhat/approximately cyclic in nature on the large scale; the point in question is an end point for one version of going through the cycle once and the point at which the next version begins. The previous cycle need not have reached or exceeded its natural completion/conclusion. This word is useful for when a player restarts a level in a game - the choices made within the level may not be exactly the same, but much of it nonetheless is extremely similar between attempts. "Redouble" may have this meaning. Use this word when one is not at the true (last) end of an event, nor its true (first) beginning, yet is at an end and a begin.
co'au'e [experimental]
CO
trivial selbri inversion: does not invert tanru (seltau first/left, tertau second/right).
This is the default in Lojban and can often be elided. (Re)asserts local left-grouping if used multiple times (just as {co} asserts right-grouping). Mostly used in answer to {co'u'o} or in order to be explicit or to override grouping rules.
co'e
-com-
-co'e-
GOhA
elliptical/unspecified bridi relationship.
co'e'o'e [experimental]
COhEhOhE
Elliptical elliptical. Beware, its grammar is also elliptical.
u'ivla. The abstaining/agnostic version of this word was not considered based on pragmatic and philosophical reasons. What are things that are even unsaying that they are things?
co'i
ZAhO
interval event contour: at the instantaneous point of ...; achievative/perfective; point event >|<.
coi
COI
vocative: greetings/hello.
coico'o
COI*
vocative: greetings in passing.
coi'e [experimental]
MOI
x_1 is PA hours in duration by standard x_2.
Example "pu lo re coi'e" meaning "two hours ago". See also {cacra}, {nei'o}, {lei'o}, {jei'o}, {doi'e}, {moi'e}, {soi'e}, {cei'a}.
coi'o'e [experimental]
UI
asks the listener to provide a word matching the preceding description being the seltau
co'o
COI
vocative: partings/good-bye.
co'o'e [experimental]
CO
elliptical/vague/unspecific/generic tanru inversion
References some (possibly multiple) cmavo in selma'o CO. Unlike most other ellipticals, the default value is not elliptical, so this word cannot be omitted/implicit; it must be explicit.
co'oi [experimental]
COI
Combination of {coi} and {co'o}, indicating either greetings or partings according to context; may also constitute a greeting in passing (such as {coico'o}).
The scalar negated forms of this COI are apparently identical to its positive form. cf. {coi}, {co'o}, {rinsa}, {tolrinsa}.
co'u
-co'u-
ZAhO
interval event contour: at the ending point of ... even if not done; cessative | >< |.
co'u'a [experimental]
ZAhO
interval event contour: premature cessation; done although not finished; at the ending point of ... even though not completed.
This is a shade of "{co'u}"; whereas "co'u" can cover any cessation (completed or otherwise), this word definitively and affirmatively indicates that completion has not been achieved.
co'u'o [experimental]
COhUhO
tanru inversion question: asks for a CO cmavo.
cu
CU
elidable marker: separates selbri from preceding sumti, allows preceding terminator elision.
cu'a
VUhU3
unary mathematical operator: absolute value/norm |a|.
cu'ai [experimental]
VUhU3
binary mathematical operator: vector norm/magnitude of vector a in structure (normed vector space) b.
Contextless default for b: Euclidean normed vector space over the reals or complexes; in relativity, without context, the default interpretation for a four-vector is the Minkowski magnitude. b determines the meaning of the norm. Accompanies and clarifies "{cu'a}".
cu'au [experimental]
CUhAU
universal famyma'o: terminates the most recently opened construct or clause.
cu'au looks back for the most recently opened construct that has not been terminated, and emulates whatever {famyma'o} would terminate it. It can also be subscripted with {xi}, and will terminate that many times. Note that that means grammatical function is being put in a {xi} clause, so be careful when using it. Additionally, cu'au {xi} {ro} will terminate all the way up to the last sentence-starting word (.i mi klama lo zarci pe lo pendo be mi cu'au xi ro -> .i mi klama lo zarci pe lo pendo be mi cu'au-be'o-ku-ge'u-ku-vau). This will also terminate to sentences started in {lu} (will NOT emulate li'u UNLESS used multiple times), {ni'o}, and {no'i}. It will NOT emulate {le'u}. In addition to {ro}, it can be subscripted with {da'a}, which terminates to the sentence level, minus 1. In the previous example, this would just leave the {vau} remaining, and allow you to continue to add to the place structure of {klama}.
cu'au'ei [experimental]
VUhU
mekso binary/unary operator: multinomial coefficient/binomial coefficient/choose
If unary, a list (n_1,...,n_r) must be supplied as input; the terms of the list may not be distinct; for appropriate values, output is ((n_1 +...+ n_r)!)/((n_1)! *...* (n_r)!). If binary, a single number n must be supplied for the first variable and the second variable must be a list (k_1,...,k_s); for appropriate values, the output is (n!)/((k_1 !) * ((n - k_1)!) *...* (k_s !) * ((n - k_s)!)); note that this is not exactly the typical definition, but it allows for easier immediate usage for the binomial case (where s=1).
cu'e
CUhE
tense/modal question.
cu'ei [experimental]
UI
discursive: indicate a change in speaker; used generally in quotations.
Considered to have {sa'a} attached to it by default. Using {sa'anai} would cancel that effect. Used to quote dialogues.
cu'ei'a [experimental]
UI
discursive: indicate a change in speaker to ko'a; used generally in quotations.
Considered to have sa'a attached to it by default. Using sa'anai would cancel that effect. Used to quote dialogues.
cu'ei'ai [experimental]
UI
discursive: indicate a change in speaker to first person (mi); used generally in quotations.
Considered to have {sa'a} attached to it by default. Using {sa'a} {nai} would cancel that effect. Used to quote dialogues.
cu'ei'e [experimental]
UI
discursive: indicate a change in speaker to ko'e; used generally in quotations.
Considered to have sa'a attached to it by default. Using sa'anai would cancel that effect. Used to quote dialogues.
cu'ei'ei [experimental]
UI
discursive: indicate a change in speaker to general third person (zo'e); used generally in quotations.
Notes: Considered to have sa'a attached to it by default. Using sa'anai would cancel that effect. Used to quote dialogues.
cu'ei'i [experimental]
UI
discursive: indicate a change in speaker to ko'i; used generally in quotations.
Considered to have sa'a attached to it by default. Using sa'anai would cancel that effect. Used to quote dialogues.
cu'ei'o [experimental]
UI
discursive: indicate a change in speaker to ko'o; used generally in quotations.
Considered to have sa'a attached to it by default. Using sa'anai would cancel that effect. Used to quote dialogues.
cu'ei'oi [experimental]
UI
discursive: indicate a change in speaker to second person (do); used generally in quotations.
Notes: Considered to have sa'a attached to it by default. Using sa'anai would cancel that effect. Used to quote dialogues.
cu'ei'u [experimental]
UI
discursive: indicate a change in speaker to ko'u; used generally in quotations.
Considered to have sa'a attached to it by default. Using sa'anai would cancel that effect. Used to quote dialogues.
cu'i
CAI
attitudinal: neutral scalar attitude modifier.
cu'i'a [experimental]
UI
attitudinal: intentionally - unintentionally - against intention.
From {cuxna}.
cu'o
MOI
convert number to probability selbri; event x_1 has probability (n) of occurring under cond. x_2.
cu'oi'e [experimental]
MOI
convert number to statistical odds selbri; event x_1 (nu) has statistical odds (n) of occurring (versus not occuring) under conditions x_2.
Odds n represent the probability of x_1 occurring given x_2 (including human assumptions about the probability/situation); odds are a ratio of probability of success (x_1 occurring) divided by probability of failure (x_2 not occurring). For wagering odds, use "{cu'oi'o}"; for the probability of x_1 occurring, see "{cu'o}"; use "{lau'au}" (mekso operand) in order to convert from odds to probability.
cu'u
BAI
cusku modal, 1st place (attribution/quotation) as said by source ...; used for quotation.
cu'u ko'a
BAI*
tagged sumti: can be used for embedded: it-1 said, "...", with editorial unquote and insert.
cu'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u'u [experimental]
UI
discursive: verbosely – succinctly.
cy
BY2
letteral for c.
da
-dav-
-dza-
KOhA1
logically quantified existential pro-sumti: there exists something 1 (usually restricted).
da'a
-daz-
PA4
digit/number: all except n; all but n; default 1.
da'a'au [experimental]
VUhU
mekso operatory: prime mark append
For ordered inputs (A, B, C), where A is a general mathematical object, B is an integer (normally nonnegative), and C is a nonnegative integer; appends B prime(s)/distinguishing marks of type C to A. Presumably objects that have the same symbol as A but different B and C values are mutual(ly) related/analogs, but are at least formally distinguishable. B and C each default to 1. In practice, tick marks are usually called prime marks (and probably will effectively/culturally have a value of C=1); other distinguishing features are employed usually once these are used, such as overbars, over-tildes/over-twiddles, dagger, asterisks, etc. For a fixed C, this operator forms a series in B for each A. The meaning is context-specific. B = 0 iff C = 0; if A in unprimed (lacks any distinguishing marks), then B = 0; thus all mathematical objects have this operator implicitly attached to them with the value of 0 for the second and third argumentsize (note that this is not the default value for these arguments when this operator is explicitly mentioned). It is possible therefore to reference both primed and unprimed objects of form A simultaneously via reference to, for example, (1±1)/2 for the value for B and/or C (employing the setting of defaulting to the value of 1 as appropriate).
da'ai [experimental]
KOhA3
other than me
Can include {do}. {ma'a} can be defined as "{mi} {jo'u} {do} jo'u {da'ai}"
da'ai'a [experimental]
BAI
"da'avni" modal: except under condition ...; unless ...; excepting/exempting (condition) ... .
See also: "{da'avni}". Use "{teda'ai'a}" for "except if/in [condition implicit], in which case ...". Can be nested via inclusion of another "da'ai'a" within the condition which is filling the sumti slot which was introduced by the higher-level instance of this word; for example: "every Gregorian year with label which is divisible by 4 unless (it is also divisible by 100 unless (it is also divisible by 400)) is a leap year", where parenthesis denote the sumti slot and the second "unless" is nested, meaning that uears which are a multiple of 400 are indeed leap years, despite being divisible by 100 as well – in this example, "unless" would be translated by this word.
da'amei
MOI*
quantifier selbri: convert all but one to cardinal selbri; x_1 is a set with all but one members x_2.
da'amoi
MOI*
quantified selbri: converts all-but-(1) to ordinal selbri; x_1 is penultimate among x_2 by rule x_3.
da'aremoi
MOI*
quantified selbri: converts all-but-2 to ordinal selbri; x_1 is antepenult. among x_2 by rule x_3.
da'au [experimental]
KOhA1
pro-sumti: forgetful something/memory-less da
Functions as {da} does with respect to existential quantification. Each usage acts as though the scope of all previous usages have been closed/terminated (or that all assignments to the meaning of this word have been forgotten/erased/overridden/unassigned). Even within the same given scope, multiple usages of this word can refer to different things (with or without qualification) and are (modulo qualification) completely free in their reference sets absolutely and with respect to one another; of course, they can mean the same thing, but it is not necessary. Usage within prenexes is essentially pointless if intended to be used after the same. See also: {da'o}, {da}, {kau'a}, {kau'e}, {kau'i}, {zo'e}.
dac bu
bu-letteral
BY*
letteral: dash (letteral).
da'e
KOhA2
pro-sumti: remote future utterance; "He'll tell you tomorrow. IT will be a doozy.".
da'ei [experimental]
DOI
attitudinal cause attribution
Whereas {dai} simply marks an attitudinal as applying to someone other than the speaker, and {da'oi} attributes the preceding attitudinal as belonging to someone specific, {da'ei} attributes the cause of one's feeling to someone/something else.
da'i
UI3
discursive: supposing - in fact.
See also {sruma}.
dai
UI5
attitudinal modifier: marks empathetic use of preceding attitudinal; shows another's feelings.
See also {cnijmi}.
dai'a [experimental]
UI5
attitudinal modifier: marks preceding attitudinal as empathetic with an anticipated attitude; encourages another's feelings.
From {dai}+{a'o}. (Examples: {ui}dai'a="Cheer up", {iinai}dai'a="It's okay, you're safe", {o'u}dai'a="Have courage", {ri'e}dai'a="Let it all out", {e'i}dai'a="You need to ...")
dai'i [experimental]
CAI
attitudinal modifier: supposed emotion - factual emotion
Used for emotions that are non-factual, for example when talking about hypothetical events. la'a ui dai'i mi ba te dunda lo karce lo mi patfu I will probably be given a car by my dad and I would feel happy about it if that happened.
da'inai
UI*3
discursive: supposing - in fact.
dai'o [experimental]
DAhO
discursive & gafyzmico: reset/restore all defaults (permanently) to discourse-exterior specification; cancel all following discourse-interior default assignments
Any modification made to the default value of all terbri is hereby cancelled and the definitions of all words (with respect to default specifications for terbri), as they explicitly appear in official Lojban word lists and other resources, is hereby used. Permanent until future alterations (with respect to terbri default specifications) is explicitly made. See also: {do'ai}, {zmico}, {gafyzmico}, {da'o}.
da'o
DAhO
discursive: cancel pro-sumti/pro-bridi assignments.
da'oi [experimental]
DOI
attitudinal attribution
Whereas {dai} simply marks an attitudinal as applying to someone other than the speaker, da'oi explicitly attributes the preceding attitudinal. In particular, dai is equivalent to da'oi na'e bo mi.
da'u
KOhA2
pro-sumti: a remote past utterance; "She couldn't have known that IT would be true.".
dau
PA2
digit/number: hex digit A (decimal 10) [ten].
Experimental rafsi: -duv-
dau'a [experimental]
DEhAU
gafyzmico: Reset all default specifications of immediately previous word to official definition specifications hereinafter (permanently)
Restores all default specifications in the (terbri) structure of immediately previously uttered word so that implicit/omitted {zo'e} and {di'au} that may fill the terbri of that word are predefined/specific in reference and do indeed necessarily agree with the default setting explicitly specified in the discourse-external/“official” definition of the word. The terbri are not filled by this word. Usage is only meaningful for a brivla with at least one terbri (regardless of being explicitly filled or otherwise). In a tanru or other complicated construct, only the most recent word undergoes this terbri default restoration (not every term in the construct). A selbri converted to a sumti by gadri has the x1 terbri filled for the purposes of this word, but the default setting of that terbri is so restored all the same; likewise is the case for terbri accessed by {be} or {bei}; seltau in the main level of a sumti are filled by the gadri as well for the purposes of this word. Affects all future uses of the word (permanent), until the end of the text/conversation or explicitly undone in some manner. See also: {doi'a}, {de'au}, {zmico}.
dau'e [experimental]
PA
Numeral: Some but not all.
Strictly more than 0 (or 1, depending on context) but strictly less than {ro}. Use "{pidau'e}" for "strictly more than 0% but strictly less than 1 (of)". Note that if dau'e X satisfy p(X), then (a different) dau'e X satisfy Not(p(x)), for any preposition p of at least one variable.
dau'i [experimental]
CAI2
attitudinal: equal intensity attitudinal relativizer
Specifies an equal intensity - relative to any previously specified intensity of the same UI/cmavo. See also {mau'i}, {me'ai}, {cu'i}
dau'o [experimental]
DAUhO
Quantifier modifier: endowment of existential import - repeal of existential import/abstention from claiming existence - assertion of non-existence
The immediately previous word must be a quantifier (such as {ro}) or quantified variable. This word endows the quantification with existential import. If this word is immediately followed by "{cu'i}" (thereby producing "{dau'ocu'i}"), then all existential import is explicitly repealed (so that it does not apply) and the result is agnostic on existence; "{rodau'o}" is technically exactly the same as "{ro}" alone according to the CLL and means "(for) each/every/all [x, P(x) is true], and strictly more than zero [x] (are asserted to) exist"; meanwhile, "{rodau'ocu'i}" is a more correct translation of the universal quantifier ("all", "for any/every") in modern logic/math, but it very clearly states that the person is purposefully and knowingly abstaining from asserting existence of non-existence. If it is immediately followed by "{nai}" (thereby producing "{dau'onai}"), then non-existence is explicitly, purposefully, and knowingly claimed; the result is more of an 'IF' statement ("if X were to exist, then proposition p(X) would be true (of (all of) X); but X do not exist."). On its own, "{rodau'o} lo broda cu brode" is equivalent to "ro lo broda cu brode .ije da broda".
dau'u [experimental]
LE
variable identifier article: refer to the referents of the variable having the following predicate as its name; such a variable may be implicitly bound by {PA broda} or {LE broda} phrases; if no such variable has been previously bound, the referents are left to the context to determine; the referents are not claimed to actually satisfy the predicate after which the variable is named.
de
KOhA1
logically quantified existential pro-sumti: there exists something 2 (usually restricted).
de'a
ZAhO
event contour for a temporary halt and ensuing pause in a process.
de'a'ai [experimental]
COI
vocative: pausing conversation
See also: {di'a'ai}.
de'ai [experimental]
DEhAI
default value (re)specification/(re)assignment/(re)definition/over-write; set new default value (terbri-specific; permanent)
Terminates immediately previous sumti. The immediately following (next) unfilled terbri at that level of nesting is affected by this word; if no such terbri exists at that level of nesting, this word's affects apply to the next unfilled terbri in the immediately higher level of nesting (unnested once); if no unfilled terbri exist at any/all levels of nesting and following the immediately previous sumti (even if unfilled terbri exist prior to that sumti), this word has no meaningful affect and can be ignored. This word must be followed by a sumti; for the purpose of this explanation, this sumti will be xy (as in "de'ai xy"). The affected terbri is defined to default to the value xy (the sumti as a whole, including gadri, tanru, relative clauses, etc.); in other words, when not explicitly filled or when filled be {di'au}, the sumti value filling the affected terbri is that of xy. This affect remains in effect until the end of the text/conversation or until/unless the default setting of this terbri explicitly redefined (overriding by {di'ei} is temporary/only applies to that usage). If xy is {zo'e}, the default value is completely general and elliptical; thus, permanently overriding a default setting on a specific terbri may be done by "de'ai zo'e". The scope of this word fully encompasses and ends with the following sumti (xy); thus, the second sumti, same-/higher-level terminator, a FA cmavo, etc. following this word ends the new default specification in addition to its other functions. Additionally, this word does not actually fill the affected terbri with any particular sumti/value; it merely defines its default value hereinafter. CAUTION: Thus, the second same-level sumti uttered actually fills the affected terbri; in order to access the newly-defined default value of the terbri immediately after definition, follow "xy" (with terminator) immediately with implicit (or possibly explicit) "{zo'e}" (possibly necessitating terminators), "{di'au}", or "xy" itself. Moreover, therefore, the default value defined by this word does not immediately/necessarily affect the truth value of the statement in which it appears (it only does so if the second following sumti is not {di'au}, implicit (or possibly) explicit {zo'e}, or xy itself); however, in all future uses of the brivla to which the terbri belongs, unless explicitly filled with a sumti of a different value, the truth value of those statements will be affected. Also, {su} does not erase this new definition of default. If the affected terbri is naturally defined to have a default or if it has no naturally defined default value, this word semi-permanently over-writes them. See also: {dai'o}, {de'au}, {de'ei}, {de'oi}, {di'au}, {di'ei}, {di'oi}.
de'au [experimental]
DEhAU
gafyzmico: Cancellation (permanent) of all defaults in immediately previous word
Cancels/overrides/ignores/"kills" all defaults (default specifications) in the (terbri) structure of immediately previously uttered word so that implicit/omitted {zo'e} and {di'au} that may fill the terbri of that word are general in potential reference (modulo context) and do not necessarily agree with the default setting explicitly specified in the discourse-exterior/“official” definition of the word. The terbri are not filled by this word. Usage is only meaningful for a brivla with at least one terbri (regardless of being explicitly filled or otherwise). In a tanru or other complicated construct, only the most recent word undergoes this terbri default override (not every term in the construct). A selbri converted to a sumti by gadri has the x1 terbri filled for the purposes of this word, but the default setting of that terbri is so overridden all the same; likewise is the case for terbri accessed by {be} or {bei}; seltau in the main level of a sumti are filled by the gadri as well for the purposes of this word. Affects all future uses of the word (permanent), until the end of the text/conversation or explicitly undone in some manner. See also: {dau'a}, {de'oi}, {zmico}.
de'au'u [experimental]
VUhU3
mekso ternary operator: positive super-logarithm; the super-logarithm (inverse operator of hyper-operator with respect to "height" of power tower) of a with base b and of order c-2.
c is a nonnegative number (currently, must be an integer). Currently, b must be a positive integer in order to be well-defined. c=3 produces the normal/standard/simple logarithm; c=4 produces slog. In conventional English notation (not necessarily Lojbanic), this is the left-inverse of the same-order hyperoperator. See also: {te'au'u}, {fe'au'u}, {dei'au'o}.
de'e
KOhA2
pro-sumti: a near future utterance.
de'ei [experimental]
ROI
on (n)-th day from a given point (by default from today)
"{ni'u} de'ei / yesterday", "{no} de'ei / today", "{pa} de'ei / tomorrow". When tagging a sumti, the sumti specifies the given point. See also {zu'oi}, {djedi}
de'i
BAI
detri modal, 1st place: on date/dated ... ; attaches date and/or time.
Time units in the following date/time are specified as numbers separated by pi'e, starting from the smallest time unit, or are unit values massified with joi. Alternatively, the time units in x1 are specified as numbers prefixed by {ny} for years, {ly} for months, {dy} for days, {cy} for hours, {my} for minutes, and {sy} for seconds, and in this scheme, any time unit may be left out. Cf. {detri}, {djedi}, {jeftu}, {masti}, {nanca}, {tcika}.
dei
KOhA2
pro-sumti: this utterance.
de'i'a [experimental]
BAI
in the Nth century.
{na'arctodetri} modal. ex.) lo ratni jbama cu co'a zvati lo terdi de'i'a li reno (The atomic bomb has been on the Earth since the 20th century.) See also {de'i}; {de'i'e}, {de'i'i}, {de'i'o}, {de'i'u}.
dei'a [experimental]
TAhE
tense interval modifier: decreasingly...; decrementative. Tagged sumti, if present, indicates amount of decrease (lo te jdika)
See {jdika}. Opposite of {zei'a}.
dei'au'o [experimental]
VUhU
mekso binary operator: Lambert product-log W function; W(a, b)
Default: b=0. a can be any complex number (for which W is defined) and b is any integer denoting the branch (where b=0 implies the principal branch). See also: {vau'au'o}.
de'i'e [experimental]
BAI
in the year N.
{na'ardetri} modal. ex.) la berlin.bitm cu porpi de'i'e li pasobiso (The Berlin Wall was broken in 1989.) See also {de'i}; {de'i'a}, {de'i'i}, {de'i'o}, {de'i'u}.
dei'e [experimental]
KOhA
pro-sumti: the next word
dei'ei [experimental]
KOhA2
pro-sumti: this entire document/text
Similar to {dei}, but refers to the entire text. See se {uencu}, se {cukta}
de'i'i [experimental]
BAI
in the Nth month.
{ma'irdetri} modal. ex.) lo ckule cu de'a gubni de'i'i li bi (The school is closed in August.) See also {de'i}; {de'i'a}, {de'i'e}, {de'i'o}, {de'i'u}.
dei'i [experimental]
JOI
non-logical connective: set difference of x_1 and x_2: {x_1}dei'i{x_2}={x_1}\\setminus{x_2}=\\{{x}\\in{x_1}:{x}\notin{x_2}\\}
JOI and mandatorily binary version of "{kei'i}".
dei'i'u [experimental]
Attaches date and time starting with years and ending in seconds.
Created to give date and time simultaneously and to be in line with ISO standard from most general to most specific. "{pi'e}" can be used to separate units, or "{ny}, {my}, {dy}, {cy}, {my} {ebu}, {sy}" can be used to jump to a specific date/time unit. Milliseconds can be added after "{pi}". See: {datrytcika} {dei'i'u}
de'i'o [experimental]
BAI
on the Nth day of the month.
{ma'irdeidetri} modal. ex.) mi cliva lo gugde de'i'o li cino (I will leave the country on the 30th.) See also {de'i}; {de'i'a}, {de'i'e}, {de'i'i}, {de'i'u}.
dei'o [experimental]
KOhA
pro-sumti: this word
mnemonic: dei + zo -> dei'o
de'i'u [experimental]
BAI
on the Nth day of the week.
{jefydeidetri} modal. ex.) lo karni cu co'a gubni de'i'u li ci (The journal is published on Wednesday.) See also {de'i}; {de'i'a}, {de'i'e}, {de'i'i}, {de'i'o}.
dei'u [experimental]
KOhA
pro-sumti: the previous word
denpa bu
bu-letteral
BY*
letteral: Lojban "." character.
de'o
VUhU3
binary mathematical operator: logarithm; [log/ln a to base b]; default base 10 or e.
see also {dugri}, {te'a}
de'oi [experimental]
DEhAU
Cancellation (instant-/usage-wise; temporary) of all defaults in immediately previous word
Cancels/overrides/ignores/"kills" all defaults (default specifications) in the (terbri) structure of immediately previously uttered word so that implicit/omitted {zo'e} and{di’au} that may fill the terbri of that word are general in potential reference (modulo context) and do not necessarily agree with the default setting explicitly specified in the discourse-external/“official” definition of the word. The terbri are not filled by this word. Usage is only meaningful for a brivla with at least one terbri (regardless of being explicitly filled or otherwise). In a tanru or other complicated construct, only the most recent word undergoes this terbri default override (not every term in the construct). A selbri converted to a sumti by gadri has the x1 terbri filled for the purposes of this word, but the default setting of that terbri is so overridden all the same; likewise is the case for terbri accessed by {be} or {bei}; seltau in the main level of a sumti are filled by the gadri as well for the purposes of this word. The cancellation is only effective for the single occurrence/instant/usage of this word (the next use of the affected word will be implicitly accompanied by its terbri defaults, as defined elsewhere (by official definition or by other (permanent) modifications made to the word)). See also: {doi'a}, {de'au}, {zmico}.
de'u
KOhA2
pro-sumti: a recent utterance.
di
KOhA1
logically quantified existential pro-sumti: there exists something 3 (usually restricted).
di'a
ZAhO
event contour for resumption of a paused process.
di'a'ai [experimental]
COI
vocative: resuming conversation
See also: {de'a'ai}.
di'ai [experimental]
COI
vocative: well-wish - curse
Used to express well-wishes/curses. See also {dimna}, {zandapma}, {dapma}, {ki'e}, {doi}
di'au [experimental]
KOhA7
pro-sumti and sumyzmico: discourse-interior default it (terbri-specific)
Explicitly and emphatically references the specified default value of the relevant terbri as specified/designated by the discourse; thus, its value is context-dependent and subject to specification modifications. It does not necessarily reference the value defined "officially". ({zo'e}, implicit or explicit, may do so as well, but the use of this word implies some degree of a more deliberate choice to follow the default specification.) When a default of the terbri is not specified by the previous discourse (nor by the discourse-exterior "official" definition of the terbri if not specification modifications have been made previously), this word is equivalent to completely general and elliptical {zo'e}. See also: {di'oi}, {di'ei}.
di'e
KOhA2
pro-sumti: the next utterance.
di'ei [experimental]
KOhA7
pro-sumti and sumyzmico: an elliptical/unspecified value which does not necessarily obey the default setting for the corresponding terbri that is explicitly specified in the definition of the word; has some value which makes bridi true
Some brivla have default specifications for certain terbri; when any explicit sumti is omitted from filling these terbri (an implicit {zo'e} fills them instead), the meaning of that sumti is interpreted in accordance with the default specification; it is reasonable to suppose that an explicit {zo'e} used in order to fill such terbri will likewise obey the default specification in its interpretation. Thus, there is no simple way to reference the "general" elliptical/unspecified value for these sumti, other than by using this word. {zo'e} typically is interpreted as meaning any value of some general and unspecified set of potential sumti referents, modulated by context and the need to make the statement true; in the case of an explicit default setting of a terbri by the definition of a word, {di'ei} takes on this general and unspecified meaning, effectively ignoring the default (although it can take on the value of that default (doing so, simply, is just not necessary)); when no default is specified for the terbri in the definition, this word has the same meaning as {zo'e}. See also: {di'au}, {di'oi}, {zmico}.
di'ei'o'au [experimental]
VUhU
mathematical ternary operator: Dirichlet convolution (a*b)(c)
a,b are arithmetic functions, c is an integer (the output is defined for at least strictly positive integers c). (a*b)(c) is given by the sum (over all of the distinct ordered pairs (n,m) belonging to the Cartesian product of the set of all strictly positive integers with itself, such that n is not equal to m and such that nm = c (where adjacency represents typical multiplication of integers)) of a(n)b(m) (where adjacency represents typical pointwise multiplication).
di'i
TAhE
tense interval modifier: regularly; subjective tense/modal; defaults as time tense.
di'inai
TAhE*
tense interval modifier: irregularly/aperiodically; tense/modal; defaults as time tense.
di'o
BAI
diklo modal, 1st place in the location of ...
di'oi [experimental]
KOhA7
pro-sumti & sumyzmico: discourse-exterior default it
Explicitly and emphatically references the specified default value of the relevant terbri as given by "official" definitions (exterior to the discourse); this value ignores and is independent of any modifications made to the relevant default specification during the discourse. (zo'e, implicit or explicit, may do so as well, but the use of this word implies some degree of a more deliberate choice to follow the discourse-exterior default specification.) When a default is not specified by the definition of a word, this word is equivalent to completely general and elliptical {zo'e}. See also: {di'au}, {di'ei}, {zmico}.
di'u
KOhA2
pro-sumti: the last utterance.
do
-don-
-doi-
KOhA3
pro-sumti: you listener(s); identified by vocative.
do'a
UI3
discursive: generously - parsimoniously.
See also {dunda}.
do'ai [experimental]
DAhO
discursive & gafyzmico: ignore/kill all following default specifications (permanently)
Hereinafter, no terbri will have any default specification unless explicitly given one in the discourse or unless the "official" definition default value is referenced explicitly by the appropriate pro-sumti. See also: {dai'o}, {zmico}, {gafyzmico}, {da'o}.
do'anai
UI*3
discursive: generously - parsimoniously.
do'au [experimental]
KOhA7
pro-sumti whose referent's identity may be chosen by the listener
Short for "lo poi'i do zifre lo ka jdice lo du'u ma kau me ke'a"; e.g. "ko ciksi bau do'au" (explain in any language you like!), "mi ba klama fo do'au" (I'll go, and you're free to choose what route I'll go by), "do'au sivni do" (you're free to keep whatever you want private to yourself). The chosen identity may be plural; the last example shows this is useful. See {nau'o}. Also kind of like {ma}, but instead of "please fill this hole with a truthful thing for my sake (and tell me it)", it's "please fill this hole with a preferred thing for your sake (and act on it)".
do'e
BAI
elliptical/unspecified modal.
do'ei [experimental]
KOhA7
impersonal pronoun; generic-you; generic-one; a generalized person
See {su'a}, {da'i}, {lo'e}, {do}, {da}, {zo'e}
do'i
KOhA2
pro-sumti: elliptical/unspecified utterance variable.
doi
DOI
generic vocative marker; identifies intended listener; elidable after COI.
doi'a [experimental]
DEhAU
gafyzmico: Reset all default specification of the immediately previous word to their respective discourse-external/official definition specifications for this instance/usage only.
Resets all defaults (default specifications) in the (terbri) structure of immediately previously uttered word so that implicit/omitted {zo'e} and {di'au} that may fill the terbri of that word are predefined/specific in reference and do indeed necessarily agree with the default setting explicitly specified in the discourse-exterior/”official” definition of the word. The terbri are not filled by this word. Usage is only meaningful for a brivla with at least one terbri (regardless of being explicitly filled or otherwise). In a tanru or other complicated construct, only the most recent word undergoes this terbri default restoration (not every term in the construct). A selbri converted to a sumti by gadri has the x1 terbri filled for the purposes of this word, but the default setting of that terbri is so restored all the same; likewise is the case for terbri accessed by {be} or {bei}; seltau in the main level of a sumti are filled by the gadri as well for the purposes of this word. The restoration is only effective for the single occurrence/instant/usage of this word (the next use of the affected word will be implicitly accompanied by its terbri defaults, as defined elsewhere (by official definition or by other (permanent) modifications made to the word)). See also: {dau'a}, {de'oi}, {zmico}
doi'au [experimental]
UI
audience switch marker.
Indicates that the addressee has changed (even if no-one has ever been explicitly specified to have been an audience member); it does not specify who the new addressee is.
doido'u
DOI*
generic vocative address to intended listener;.
doi'e [experimental]
MOI
x_1 is PA days in duration by standard x_2.
Example "pu lo re doi'e" meaning "two days ago". See also {djedi}, {nei'o}, {lei'o}, {jei'o}, {coi'e}, {moi'e}, {soi'e}, {cei'a}.
doinai
DOI*
"anti-vocative": specifically denies that the referent is the intended listener.
*Note: Only accepted by experimental grammar* (u'u doinai la .djon.) = "Sorry, I wasn't talking to you, John". May also be used alone if the referent is obvious from context.
doi'oi [experimental]
COI
vocative: to the attention of, CC, carbon-copy(ing) ...
Used in order to alert a non-addressee party to an utterance.
doi'u [experimental]
ZO
Quotes a word; the result is a pro-sumti for the most recent utterance containing that word.
A useful alternative to {di'u} {de'u} etc. that doesn't make you count utterances.
do'o
KOhA3
pro-sumti: you the listener & others unspecified.
do'oi [experimental]
DOhOI
generic single-word generic vocative marker; identifies intended listener with a single, possibly non-Lojban word, delimited by pauses (in speech) or by whitespace (in writing).
The intent is that it is allowed everywhere in the grammar where DOI and COI are. See also {zo'oi}, {la'oi}, {me'oi}, {ra'oi}. Not similar to {co'oi}. Equivalent to {doi} {la'oi}.
do'o'o [experimental]
KOhA3
pro-sumti: the original speaker (= you the primary listener/target) and the rest of the audience, excluding the new/current speaker (= me).
Used in reply to someone who was addressing an audience; this replies to them and the rest of the audience, but not the person who utters this word. This is a specifizing/narrowing of "{do'o}".
do'u
DOhU
elidable terminator: end vocative (often elidable).
do'u'o [experimental]
KOhA
question word: which utterance?
Parallels {do'i} and other cmavo from the {di'u} series. Answer can be a {di'u} cmavo or indeed any quote, usually a {lu} quote. See also {do'i}, {ma}.
du
-dub-
-du'o-
GOhA
identity selbri; = sign; x_1 identically equals x_2, x_3, etc.; attached sumti refer to same thing.
du'a
FAhA1
location tense relation/direction; east of.
du'a'e [experimental]
VUhU
mekso n-ary ordered operator: structure creator/ordered tuple, 'endow'; the structure formed by underlying set X_1 (as) endowed with element, order, quoted operator, etc. X_2, X_3, ...
Operators or symbolic orderings (rather than a description thereof) must be submitted via {mau'au}-{zai'ai} quotes. Usually, X_1 must be included; X_1 must be a set. Definitions and axioms must be defined elsewhere. An operator or ordering which is undefined on the set X_1 produces a trivial structure (one which is identical to that which is formed if this operator/ordering were not included at all). Terminated by {ku'e}. See also: {du'a'o} (a sorta inverse).
du'ai [experimental]
ME
converts a sumti into a tanru-unit with place structure "x1 is/are the referents of [the sumti]".
See also: {me}, {du}.
du'a'o [experimental]
VUhU
mekso binary operator: extract substructure/underlying set/endowing operator; the substructure (general sense; includes just operator, order, set, etc.) of X_1 (structure; explicitly given by {du'a'e}) which is formed by collecting the ith entries of that {du'a'e}-tuple in order together into their own {du'a'e}-tuple (or by extracting them naked into the ambient environment if X_2 is a singleton) for all i in set X_2
Usually, a complicated structure will involve the underlying set. i is not a user-submission-accepting terbri; only X_1 and X_2 are. If X_1 is not provided explicitly here by a {du'a'e} construct, then one must be inferred from context (the most recent definition; the order of things entries submitted to that construct is understood to apply here via direct formal substitution); otherwise, this word is undefined. Even though operators and orders must be submitted to {de'a'e} via {zai'ai}-{mau'au} quotes, they are extracted naked by this word (so that they can be used directly as evaluating operators in numerical expressions; thus, they must be requoted if that is desired/appropriate). Counting starts at 1. Thus, X_2 being exactly the singleton of 1 will output the underlying set of X_1.
du'au [experimental]
LAhE
Text to bridi conversion
Roughly equivalent to just la'e, but precise about the type of the result. Inverse of {lu'au}.
du'e
PA4
digit/number: too many; subjective.
du'ei [experimental]
VUhU
mekso binary operator: left-handed vectorial cross product (ordered input), -a \\times b = b \\times a (if using right-hand convention - notice the negative sign/operator or order).
This (which could be denoted "-×") is the opposite of the traditional-in-English vectorial cross-product (which is usually denoted "×"). Generally noncommutative; left-handed in three dimensions. See also: {za'ei}.
du'emei
MOI*
quantifier selbri: convert too many to cardinal selbri; x_1 is a set with too many members x_2.
du'eroi
ROI*
tense interval modifier: too many times objective tense, defaults as time tense.
du'i
BAI
dunli modal, 1st place (equalled by) equally; as much as ...
du'o
BAI
djuno modal, 1st place (info source) authoritatively; according to ...; known by ...
du'oi [experimental]
FAhA2
location tense relation/direction (angular); clockwise from..., locally rightwards/to the right of ...
See also: {dutso}, {zu'au}
du'u
-dum-
NU
abstractor: predication/bridi abstractor; x_1 is predication [bridi] expressed in sentence x_2.
du'u bu
bu-letteral
BY*
the last sumti having a {du'u}-abstraction at its topmost level inside
See also {ka bu}, {ni bu}, {nu bu}
du'ukau
NU*
bridi abstractor: x_1 is the answer to the question x_2
Experimental cmavo compound. Equivalent to {du'u} with {kau} attached to all question words (e.g. {ma}, {mo}, {xo}) contained. See {preti}, {danfu}, {du'umrei}
dy
BY2
letteral for d.
dy'ei [experimental]
PA
digit/number: twenty (decimal 20).
e
A
logical connective: sumti afterthought and.
e'a
UI1
attitudinal: granting permission - prohibiting.
See also {curmi}.
e'anai
UI*1
attitudinal: permission - prohibition.
e'au [experimental]
UI
mix of .e'a (permission) + .e'e (encouragement) + .e'i (constraint) + .e'o (request) + .e'u (suggestion) + .au (desire)
ebu
bu-letteral
BY*
letteral for e.
e'e
UI1
attitudinal: competence - incompetence/inability.
See also {kakne}, {certu}.
e'e'e [experimental]
UI1b
naturalistic interjection: shy giggle
See also {xa'a}, {xa'a'a}, {bu'a'a}, {xe'e'e}.
e'ei [experimental]
UI1
attitudinal: appeal/call/invocation/summoning
Compare {e'u} - 'suggestion'
e'enai
UI*1
attitudinal: competence - incompetence/inability.
e'i
UI1
attitudinal: feeling constraint - independence - challenge/resistance against constraint.
See also {selri'u}, {seljimte}.
ei
UI1
attitudinal: obligation - freedom.
See also {bilga}, {zifre}.
ei'au [experimental]
UI1
Attitudinal: heart melting and opening - unmoved - heart freezing and withdrawing
e'icu'i
UI*1
attitudinal: feeling constraint - independence - challenge/resistance against constraint.
ei'e [experimental]
UI1
irrealis attitudinal: competence (ja'ai) - incompetence (nai)
Meaning identical to the old meaning of {e'e}
ei'i [experimental]
UI1
irrealis attitudinal: constraint (ja'ai) - independence (cu'i) - resistance against constraint (nai)
Meaning identical to the old meaning of {e'i}
e'inai
UI*1
attitudinal: feeling constraint - independence - challenge/resistance against constraint.
einai
UI*1
attitudinal: obligation - freedom.
ei'u [experimental]
UI
Attitudinal: advice/posit/well-considered idea - spitballing/proposal (no investment or confidence in it being a good idea) - rejection of suggestion/idea
enai
A*
logical connective: sumti afterthought x but not y.
e'o
UI1
attitudinal: request - negative request.
See also {cpedu}, {pikci}.
e'onai
UI*1
attitudinal: request - negative request.
epsi bu
bu-letteral
BY*
digit/number: dual ε of dual number in linear algebra; square root of 0
ε^2=0 so ε is nilpotent. Acts as a number punctuation mark (separating the real and the dual parts of a dual number); normally prefixed with {lau}. See also {ri'o}, {ka'o}.
e'u
UI1
attitudinal: suggestion - abandon suggest - warning.
See also {stidi}, {kajde}.
e'u'a [experimental]
A
logical connective: sumti afterthought always true.
Created to complete the scope of truth tables to include TTTT and FFFF, despite being described as relatively useless. Etymology: jetnu + A.
e'ucu'i
UI*1
attitudinal: suggestion - abandon suggest - warning.
e'unai
UI*1
attitudinal: suggestion - abandon suggest - warning.
e'y [experimental]
BY
letteral for e.
Synonymous with the original CLL definition of .{ebu}.
fa
FA
sumti place tag: tag 1st sumti place.
fa'a
FAhA4
location tense relation/direction; arriving at/directly towards ...
fa'ai [experimental]
VUhU
mathematical ordered n-ary operator: (pointwise) functional left composition; X_1 \\circ X_2.
Inputs must be appropriate functions; this outputs a function; follow by "{ku'e} ({boi})" in order to include/apply the output function to arguments (thereby producing a number). a_1 \\circ a_2 \\circ \\dots \\circ a_n = a_1(a_2(\\dots(a_n(\\cdot))\\dots)) for any positive integer or countable infinity n and functions a_i for all integer i < n+1. Replaces all of the inputs with a (possibly stripped, as appropriate) tuple; for replacing a single argument in a multivariate function with a function (either evaluated or not), use (partial) (e)valuation. Left compose multiple terms by separating the function names with "{boi}".
fa'ai'ai [experimental]
VUhU
mekso k-ary operator, for natural k and 1 < k < 5: ordered input (f, g, S, m) where f and g are functions, S is a set of positive integers or "ro" (="all"), and m is 0 or 1 (as a toggle); output is a function equivalent to the function f as applied to an input ordered tuple with g applied to the entries/terms with indices in S (or to all entries/terms if S="ro") if m=0, or g left-composed with the same if m=1.
S="ro" is default case (making this operator binary or ternary); S must be a set or "ro" (no bare integers); m = 0 is the default case (making this operator binary or ternary); use "{mau'au}" and "{zai'ai}" in order to quote f and g each; the indices in the implicit tuple mentioned in the definition are positive natural numbers such that said tuple is of form (x_1, x_2, x_3, ..., x_n, ...); thus, notationally, a concrete output of this function, as applied to the aforementioned concrete input tuple, is of form (fa'ai'ai(f, g, S, m))(x_1, x_2, ..., x_n, ...). For example, maintaining this notation, if S="ro" and m=0, then the output is f(g(x_1), g(x_2), ..., g(x_n), ...); if S = Set(1, 3, 23) and m=0, then the output is f(g(x_1), x_2, g(x_3), x_4, x_5, ..., x_21, x_22, g(x_23), x_24, x_25, ..., x_n, ...); vel sim. If h is the function output by this expression when m=0, then for the same inputs (ignoring m), g \\circ h is the function output by the same expression but with m=1. Obviously, in order to be meaningful, the output of each step along the way must be defined. If S is the empty set and g is defined, then the output is just the function f if m=0. The output of this operator is a function, so it must have explicit input supplied to it ("it" here referring to the output of this operator) in order to actually have an explicit and concrete result; use mathematical brackets around this operator and its inputs when doing so, particularly when S or m is omitted (as being equal to the default "ro" or 0 resp.).
fa'au [experimental]
VUhU
mathematical unary operator: map notation
Input is unary: a function f; the output is an ordered tuple: (the domain set of f, the codomain set of f, the image of f, the mapping rule of f (defined with a dummy variable which is taken to belong to the the domain set of f), the graph/plot (set of input-output pairs) of f). Might be useful for lambda calculus, etc. Equip the output with {ma'o} in order to use as a/the function. Extract a term in the tuple in order to use it directly.
fa'au'u [experimental]
FA
nonce place; tags sumti with an unspecified connection to the bridi
This is used as a shorthand for the cmavo-compound faxinoboi, which allows arbitrary quantification of variables in a bridi outside of the prenex, giving them a defined scope. Each usage is a new unspecified place for the bridi it appears in, multiple usages do not have overlapping places.
fa'e
BAI
fatne modal, 1st place backwards; reverse of ...
fa'ei [experimental]
JOIhI
Unary mekso operator: reverse finite ordered sequence, tuple, list, string, etc.
fa'i
VUhU2
unary mathematical operator: reciprocal; multiplicative inverse; [1/a].
fai
FA
sumti place tag: tag a sumti moved out of numbered place structure; used in modal conversions.
fai'a [experimental]
UI
translation marker - original/native version: marks a construct as having been translated and therefore particularly (possibly, but not necessarily) susceptible to the errors or limitations associated with translation (especially if the translator is unsure of the best result/option)
Might be useful for translations of idioms, songs, poetry, wordplay, political speeches, nuanced phrasings, (in stories) prophecies, riddles, rhymes, etc. Followed by members of selma'o CAI, the marker indicates the corresponding level of uncertainty in the best possible choice of translation according to the opinion/expectation/judgment of the speaker/translator. Also may indicate a cultural or linguistic gap. For Lojban especially, it might be useful when various ambiguities arise in the original text and the translator is forced to pick interpretations from among them.
fai'e'ai [experimental]
digit/number: the second Feigenbaum constant α = 2.502907875095892822283902873218...
See also: {fai'e'au}
fai'e'au [experimental]
PA5
digit/number: first Feigenbaum constant δ = 4.669 201 609 102 990 671 853 203 821 578(...).
See also: {fai'e'ai}
fai'i [experimental]
FA
Pendent preposition. Introduces a dangling argument that doesn't take part in the surrounding argument structure; similarly to {zo'u}, it may be used for pre-declaring a quantification, or for introducing an argument that will be later referred to anaphorically. The pronoun {zoi'i} is automatically bound to the argument introduced by {fai'i}.
fai'u [experimental]
PA5
digit/number: phi, the "golden ratio" (approx. = 1.6180...); the ratio a/b such that it equals (a+b)/a
fai'u'a [experimental]
PA5
digit/number: the fine-structure constant \\alpha \\approx 7.2973525698(\\dots)*10^{(-3)} \\approx 1/137.035999074.
fa'o
FAhO
unconditional end of text; outside regular grammar; used for computer input.
fa'oi [experimental]
I
sentence fence: the speaker is done speaking and signals to the addressee that they may now speak up if they so desire.
The speaker may change their mind and add a new sentence after this cmavo has been uttered. In the meantime the addressee is free to speak in their turn.
fa'o'o [experimental]
FAhOhO
end of all Lojban text, forever.
Once this word is said, no more Lojban text will ever be parsed, in any form. See also {su'u'u'u'u'u'u'u}.
fa'u
JOI
non-logical connective: respectively; unmixed ordered distributed association.
fau
BAI
fasnu modal, 1st place (non-causal) in the event of ...
fau'a [experimental]
FAUhA
Convert operator to being entrywise.
Applied to an operator by immediately following it; breaks the symmetry which that operator may have had: the first argument of the operator is to be a tensor or (multidimensional) list, or a set, or something with many internal terms, entries, elements, components, etc; the subsequent arguments of the operator are arbitrary. The result is to apply the operator with the subsequent arguments to each term, entry, elements, etc. of the first argument individually. For example, for matrix A=((1, 2), (3, 4)), A+(fau'a)10 = ((11, 12),(13, 14)) and A^2 = ((7, 10), (15, 22)); however, A^(fau'a)2 = ((1, 4), (9, 16)); likewise, sin(A) = A - (1/3)A^3 + (1/5)A^5 - ..., but sin(fau'a)(A) = ((sin(1), sin(2)), (sin(3), sin(4))), which is meant to show the distribution of the sin() function to each entry of A, although it also happens to be equivalent to applying the Taylor expansion to A via "fau'a" as well. Caution must be used: matrix addition or scalar multiplication of matrices already have this distributional property, so this word is not needed in those cases; in fact, A+(fau'a)A would yield ((1+A, 2+A), (3+A, 4+A)), which is nonsensical (because, without "fau'a", the addition of a scalar entry to a matrix is undefined).
fa'u'ai [experimental]
JOI
non-logical connective: antirespectively; unmixed but reverse ordered distributed association.
Works together with {fa'u}; given an ordering by {fa'u}, the terms connected by this word are (applied) in opposite order.
fau'ai [experimental]
FAUhA
Iteratively applies "fau'a" to each resultant operator until all operators resolve.
Let matrix A = ((1, 2), (3, 4)); then A +(fau'ai) A = A +({fau'a}*) A = ((1 +(fau'a*) A, 2 +(fau'a*) A), (3 +(fau'a*) A, 4 +(fau'a*) A)) = (( ((1+1, 1+2), (1+3, 1+4)), ((2+1, 2+2),(2+3, 2+4)) ), ( ((3+1, 3+2), (3+3, 3+4)), ((4+1, 4+2), (4+3, 4+4)) )), which has all of the additions resolve (so the iteration terminates) - the result is a 2-by-2 matrix in which each entry is itself a 2-by-2 matrix. If the operators resolve after differing iteration counts, then the process continues only on the unresolved ones with the resolved ones being held constant and saved.
fau'au [experimental]
JAhOI
two-tier function map/assignment writer notation: X1 (ordered list, no repetitious terms) maps termwise-respectively to X2 (ordered list; may be repetitious but must have exactly as many terms as X1)
So named because, in mathematical notation, the domain set of the function is written down in some order in its entirety and then, below it, the range of the function is written so that each image and preimage line up vertically with their appropriate/respective partner. Really useful when mapping from a countable set/object that is either human-small or in which the pattern is clear. Occasionally used for a more explicit form of notation for permutations (in which cycle decomposition is not necessarily as evident, but the structure as a how is, at least, explicit). The ith term of X1 is mapped to the ith term of X2; there is no knowledge of what happens to any value that is not term of list X1. Useful for lambda calculus.
fau'e [experimental]
XI
iterated function left-composition with self: f∘f∘...∘f, n times.
First argument must be a function(al) or some object f that can be left-composed with itself (and which is unary); second argument is a real number (usually nonnegative integer) n for which n compositions of f makes sense; the result is f left-composed with itself n times and, as such, is itself a function(al) or other object of the same sort as f (therefore, it can then be applied to an m-tuple input, where m is less than or equal to the arity of f; if f is a function, then the output will generally not be a number in the codomain of f, but rather a function itself). This word is a shortcut for longer expressions. See also: {fa'ai}, {se'au}, {te'a}, {fe'a}.
fau'i [experimental]
VUhU
mekso ternary operator: inverse function of input function X_1 with respect to its input X_2, taken on branch or restricted domain X_3 ("domain" being of X_1).
The output of this function is itself a function of the same arity as X_1. X_3 often omitted due to obviousness (or due to lack of need/due to well-definition) or convention. X_1 should be a function supplied in "{zau'au}" quotes; that function itself should be at least unary and the input against which the inverse is being taken in an n-ary X_1 is X_2. X_2 should technically be a input slot index or domain (or subspace/projection thereof), but a named and non-evaluated dummy variable symbol can be supplied if the slot ordering or domain terms (vel sim.) are not well-specified. Because the output is a function, it can itself (that is: the output's self) have an input; use "{bai'i'i}" or an equivalent thereof for this purpose in most situations. For example, if f(x,y,z)=w,g=fau'i(f,2),v=(x,y,z), and u=bai'i'i(v,2,w)=(x,w,z), then g(u)=f^{-1}_2(x,w,z)=y. In English notation, "fau'i(f,n)" might be notated as "inv(f,n)". See also: "{fau'e}" (this word acts as a better-specified case of iteration order n=-1 for "fau'e").
fauroda
any way, under any events
fau'u [experimental]
COI
Forgive me!/I'm sorry!
cf. {fraxu}, {u'u}.
fe
FA
sumti place tag: tag 2nd sumti place.
fe'a
VUhU3
binary mathematical operator: nth root of; inverse power [a to the 1/b power].
fe'au'u [experimental]
VUhU3
mekso ternary operator: positive super-root; the bth super-root (inverse operator of hyper-operator with respect to base) of a of order c-2.
c must be nonnegative (and currently must also be an integer). c=3 yields the basic/typical bth root function on a (undoes exponentiation); c=4 yields the bth sroot (undoes tetration). In conventional English notation (not necessarily Lojbanic), this is the right-inverse on the same-order hyperoperator. See: {dei'au'o}, {te'au'u}, {de'au'u}
fe'e
FEhE
mark space interval distributive aspects; labels interval tense modifiers as location-oriented.
fe'eba'o
ZAhO*
location event contour tense: perfective in space; beyond the place of ...
fe'eca'o
ZAhO*
location event contour tense: continuative in space; throughout the place of ...
fe'eco'a
ZAhO*
location event contour tense: initiative in space; on this edge of ...
fe'eco'i
ZAhO*
location event contour tense: achievative in space; at the point of ...
fe'ei [experimental]
VUhU
binary mekso operator: divided by (fraction): a/(b...)
This is exactly the same as {fe'i} {vei} except that it is strictly binary (not n-ary). It must be explicitly terminated by {ve'o} or the end of the number construct. This is useful for Lojban and English because people seem to tend to give high priority to "/" in mathematical expressions, despite the notation.
fe'emo'u
ZAhO*
location event contour tense: completive in space; at the far end of ...
fe'enau
CUhE*
tense: right here; refers to current spatial reference absolutely
*Note: Not currently accepted by grammar parsers.* It may be desirable to separate the spatial and time senses of the word {nau}; this is one proposed solution. Alternative: {bu'u} {nau'u}. See {zva'ati}, {ca'abna}
fe'enoroi
ROI*
location tense interval modifier: never in space; objectively quantified tense.
fe'epu'o
ZAhO*
location event contour tense: anticipative in space; up to the edge of ...
fe'eroroi
ROI*
location tense interval modifier: always in space; objectively quantified tense.
fe'eza'o
ZAhO*
location event contour tense: superfective in space; continuing too far beyond ...
fe'i
VUhU1
n-ary mathematical operator: divided by; division operator; [(((a / b) / c) / ...)].
see also {dilcu}, {pi'i}
fei
PA2
digit/number: hex digit B (decimal 11) [eleven].
Experimental rafsi: -fel-
fei'i [experimental]
VUhU3
mekso variable-arity (at most ternary) operator: number of prime divisors of number X_1, counting with or without multiplicity according to the value X_2 (1 xor 0 respectively; see note for equality to -1 and for default value), in structure X_3.
X_1 may be a number in a generalized sense: anything living in a ring with primes; most commonly, it will be a positive integer. Units are not considered to be prime factors for the purposes of this counting. x_2 toggles the type of counting and must be exactly one element of Set(-1, 0, 1). If x_2 = -1 and X_3 is the typical ring of integers (with the ordering here being the traditional ordering of the integers), then the output is k = sup(Set(i: i is a positive integer, and v_{p_i}(X_1) > 0)), where: p_i is the ith prime (such that p_1 = 2), and v_p is the p-adic valuation (see: "{pau'au}") of the input; in other words, this mode yields the index i of the greatest prime p_i which has a nonzero power r_i such that p_i^{r_i} divides X_1; if X_1 is a unit and x_2 = -1, then this word outputs 0; if X_1 = 0 and X_2 = -1, then this word outputs positive infinity; this mode counts early primes which have power 0 in the prime factorization of X_1 but does not count the infinitely many later ones which occur after the last nonzero prime power in that factorization (when X_1 is not 0 and is not a unit). If X_2 = 0, then the prime factors with nonzero power are counted without multiplicity (they are counted only uniquely and according to their distinctness, ignoring their exponents unless such is 0 (in which case, it is not counted)); in other words, under this condition, this word would function as the number-theoretic prime little-omega function LittleOmega(x_1) = Sum_{p|X_1} (1), where: the summation is taken over all p, such that all of the bound p must be prime, and "|" denotes divisibility of the term on the right (second term) by the term on the left (first term). If X_2 = 1, then multiple factors of the same prime are counted (specifically: the (maximal) exponents of the prime factors in the prime factorization of X_1 are added together); this is the number-theoretic prime big-omega function BigOmega(x_1) = Sum_{p^r||X_1} (1), where: the notation is as for x_2 = -1 or 0 supra as need be, the summation is taken over such p, and "||" denotes the fact that the said corresponding r = v_p(X_1) (id est: p^r is the maximal power of p which divides X_1). No other option for the value of X_2 is currently defined. X_2 might have contextual/cultural/conventional defaults, but the contextless default value is X_2 = 1. X_3 specifies the (algebraic) structure in which primehood/factoring is being considered/performed (equipped also with an ordering of the primes); it need not be specified if the context is clear; if such is sensible for the other inputs, the contextless default for X_3 is the typical ring of integers (with the ordering being the traditional ordering of the integers and the 1st prime being p_1 = 2). See also: "{pau'au}"; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_omega_function .
fei'u [experimental]
KE
Prefix division by following unit selbri
Cf. {pi'ai}, {te'ai}, {fi'u}. Essentially attaches "te'ai ni'u pa" to all subsequent unit-selbri in the tanru. E.g. "pi'ai ki'otre fei'u cacra" = "pi'ai ki'otre cacra te'ai ni'u pa" = "kilometers per hour"; "pi'ai mitre fei'u snidu snidu" = meters per second per second. May even be used without pi'ai: "fei'u snidu" = reciprocal of the second / hertz
fe'o
COI
vocative: over and out (end discussion).
fe'oi [experimental]
COI
Vocative: Fin, the end, you may applaud now, conclusion; story ending or punchline marker
Indicates the end of a story or performance or the punchline of a joke. The utterer may not be done speaking, but the story that they are telling is over. It allows the audience to get a sense of certain conclusion and to thus appreciate the story without expecting more.
fe'u
FEhU
elidable terminator: end nonce conversion of selbri to modal; usually elidable.
fi
FA
sumti place tag: tag 3rd sumti place.
fi'a
FA
sumti place tag: place structure number/tag question.
fi'ai [experimental]
ZOhU
marks end of prenex in stack-based dialect
switches to a stack-based dialect of Lojban. Separates stack elements from following stack operators. Sequential stack operators are separated either via .{ije} or by chaining them into tanru (operators to be applied from each tanru left to right). Popping top stack element into output is done using {fasnu} or {fatci}. '.i lezmiku lenatmi leprenu lekraice fi'ai du .ije srana .ije gandygau' means 'The loyal man of the nation deactivates the robot'. 'xy.boi y.buboi zy.boi fi'ai setmice cmima .i lenatmi leprenu lekraice fi'ai du .ije srana .ije gandygau' means 'The loyal man of the nation deactivates X,Y, and Z'.
fi'au [experimental]
mekso operator: continued fraction, Kettenbruch notation; for ordered input (X_1, X_2, X_3, X_4), where: X_1 is an ordered pair of functions and X_2 is a free or dummy variable/input/index which ranges through set X_3 in order(ing) X_4, the result is K_{(X_2, (X_3, X_4))} (X_1(X_2)) for Kettenbruch notation K.
X_1 will be an ordered pair of functions defined on X_3 and with input X_2. Let X_1 = (a, b) where 'a' and b are each functions (defined on X_3), X_3 be the set of all nonnegative integers which are strictly less than some positive integer or positive infinity (denoted by "n+1") as determined by the context/problem, and X_4 be the standard ordering on X_3; then the output will be: a(0) + b(0)/(a(1) + b(1)/(a(2) + b(2)/(.../(a(n-1) + b(n-1)/(a(n) + b(n)))))), where division has higher operator priority than addition and where, if n is positive infinity, then the expression never terminates and convergence of subfractions is necessary for well-definition; the inputs of 'a' and b technically can be ordered tuples so long as they symbolically include X_2 and all other parameters are specified. In general, a(min(X_3)), for min being defined according to the ordering X_4, will be the formally 'integer'-part of the expression (even if it evaluates to a fraction) - in other words, it is the number which is entirely outside of the nested fractions. This operator is intended to be maximally general; some definition for X_3 being the empty set can be devised, or 'a' or b could be function-valued or otherwise exotic-valued functions (so long as their outputs have sum, division, and closure properties), etc. See also: "{se'au}". If diphthong "eu" is ever accepted into Lojban, this definition would preferably be moved to "{fi'eu}" (because the "eu" would also be etymologically tied to "Kettenbruch", and the "au" diphthong is more basic and should be reserved for higher-priority words).
fi'e
BAI
finti modal, 1st place (creator) created by ...
fi'ei [experimental]
BAI
ifle modal, 1st place: if [sumti] (du'u or nu) is true...
See {ifle}, {ganai}, {va'o}, {tefi'ei}
fi'i
COI
vocative: hospitality - inhospitality; you are welcome/ make yourself at home.
fi'i'e [experimental]
COI
Welcome to
fi'inai
COI*
vocative: hospitality - inhospitality.
fi'o
FIhO
convert selbri to nonce modal/sumti tag.
fi'oi [experimental]
FIhOI
Right-scoping adverbial clause: encloses a bridi and turns it into an adverbial term; the antecedent (ke'a) of the enclosed bridi stands for the outer bridi {lo su'u no'a ku} (the bridi in which this fi'oi term appears), including all the other adverbial terms (tags...) within this bridi located on the right of this fi'oi term (rightward scope).
Terminator: fi'au.
fi'u
PA3
digit/number: fraction slash; default "/n" => 1/n, "n/" => n/1, or "/" alone => golden ratio.
See also {fe'i}, {frinu}
fi'ure
PA*
half.
synonym {pimu}; see also {xadba}
fo
FA
sumti place tag: tag 4th sumti place.
fo'a
-fo'a-
KOhA4
pro-sumti: he/she/it/they #6 (specified by goi).
fo'ai [experimental]
LOhOI
Creates a predicate abstraction sumti out of a full bridi clause, binding all the necessary lambda variables to the ko'a-ko'u pronoun series. The number of bound variables must be indicated by appending {xi} followed by that number to the word {fo'ai}, unless only one variable (namely {fo'a}) is bound, in which case the {xi} marking is optional.
"lo ka ce'u ce'u ce'u broda (ku)" = "fo'ai xi ci fo'a fo'e fo'i broda (ku'au)". In the rare cases where more than five lambda variables are needed, fo'a xi PA might be used. See also ko'ai, ce'ai.
fo'e
-fo'e-
KOhA4
pro-sumti: he/she/it/they #7 (specified by goi).
fo'i
-fo'i-
KOhA4
pro-sumti: he/she/it/they #8 (specified by goi).
foi
FOI
terminator: end composite lerfu; never elidable.
foi'e [experimental]
FOIhE
GOI attachment modifier: allows a cmavo of selma'o GOI (which must follow immediately) to be attached to a selbri
This word must (ignoring quotes, etc.) be preceded by a selbri (to which it immediately attaches, even in sumti) and must be followed by a member of selma'o GOI (ignoring erasure, etc.). All other semantics and syntax of the GOI construct remains the same, it just applies to the selbri immediately prior to this word, rather than a sumti. See also: {po'oi}.
foi'i [experimental]
create a relation abstraction sumti out of a full bridi clause, binding the two lambda variables to the {fo'i} and {fo'u} pronouns.
fo'o
KOhA4
pro-sumti: he/she/it/they #9 (specified by goi).
fo'u
KOhA4
pro-sumti: he/she/it/they #10 (specified by goi).
fu
FA
sumti place tag: tag 5th sumti place.
fu'a
FUhA
reverse Polish mathematical expression (mex) operator flag.
fu'a'ai [experimental]
PA5
digit/number: first Foias' constant; the unique value of x_1 such that x_n -> ∞ as n -> ∞ for x_{n+1} = (1 + (1/( x_n )))^n; such x_1 = 1.187…
See also: {fu'a'au}
fu'a'au [experimental]
PA5
digit/number: second Foias constant; the value x for which (1/x)(1 + (1/x))^x=1 is true; ≈ 2.293…
See also: {fu'a'ai}
fu'au [experimental]
UI3
discursive: luckily - not pertaining to luck - unluckily.
Expresses fortune/misfortune of the speaker. Use {dai} to express fortune/misfortune of the listener. See also {funca}.
fu'e
FUhE
begin indicator long scope.
fu'ei [experimental]
FUhE
begin within-context quote.
Terminated by {fu'o}. Quoted text need not be grammatical on its own, but must be grammatical in context with the surrounding text.
fu'ei'a [experimental]
UI
discursive: indicate a change in speaker to fo'a; used generally in quotations.
Considered to have sa'a attached to it by default. Using sa'anai would cancel that effect. Used to quote dialogues.
fu'ei'e [experimental]
UI
discursive: indicate a change in speaker to fo'e; used generally in quotations.
Considered to have sa'a attached to it by default. Using sa'anai would cancel that effect. Used to quote dialogues.
fu'ei'i [experimental]
UI
discursive: indicate a change in speaker to fo'i; used generally in quotations.
Considered to have sa'a attached to it by default. Using sa'anai would cancel that effect. Used to quote dialogues.
fu'ei'o [experimental]
UI
discursive: indicate a change in speaker to fo'o; used generally in quotations.
Considered to have sa'a attached to it by default. Using sa'anai would cancel that effect. Used to quote dialogues.
fu'ei'u [experimental]
UI
discursive: indicate a change in speaker to fo'u; used generally in quotations.
Considered to have sa'a attached to it by default. Using sa'anai would cancel that effect. Used to quote dialogues.
fu'i
UI5
attitudinal modifier: easy - difficult.
See also {frili}.
fu'inai
UI*5
attitudinal modifier: easy - difficult.
fu'o
FUhO
end indicator long scope; terminates scope of all active indicators.
fu'u
VUhU0
n-ary mathematical operator: elliptical/unspecified mathematical expression (mex) operator.
fy
BY2
letteral for f.
fy'ai [experimental]
PA
digit/number: twenty-one (decimal 21).
fy'oi [experimental]
KYhOI
Number suffix initiating a subordinate clause representing a predicate whose arity is the suffixed number; the lambda variables representing the predicate slots are bound from the fo'a-fo'u series in their dictionary ordering; the number of bound variables is the same as the predicate arity.
For example, if the selected arity is two (re fy'oi), then only {fo'a} and {fo'e} are bound, and {fo'i} etc. are not bound. Terminator: {ku'au}.
ga
GA
logical connective: forethought all but tanru-internal or (with gi).
ga'a
BAI
zgana modal, 1st place to observer ... ; witnessed by ...
ga'ai [experimental]
VUhU
unary mekso operator: Lorentz-Einstein gamma factor +1/((1-(|X|^2))^{(+1/2)}) for input X.
Typically, input X can be a scalar (typically between -1 and 1, exclusive of both endpoints except in the limit) or a vector (or a similar mathematical object) with a signed magnitude belonging to the previously mentioned interval; in the former case, "|X|" in the definition refers to its absolute value; in the latter case, "|X|" in the definition refers to the nonnegative magnitude of said vector (or similar object). Typically, the output is a(n extended) real number no less than 1; whether or not positive-infinity exists in the codomain is a matter of convenience, convention, and context. This definition can be extended (such as for tachyons).
ga'au [experimental]
PA5
digit/number: Euler–Mascheroni constant, usually denoted by lowercase gamma (γ); approximately 0.5772156649 (in decimal).
The difference in the limit as n becomes arbitrarily large between/of: the sum of (1/k) for all strictly positive integers k < (n+1), and the natural logarithm of n.
ga'e
BY1
upper-case letteral shift.
ga'ei [experimental]
NU
abstractor: sensation / qualia abstractor; x_1 is the sensation / qualia associated with objects with property [bridi, bound to ce'u], via sense x_2, as sensed by x_3
Semantically linked to {ganseti}. {lo} {ga'ei} ({ce'u}) {xunre} = {lo} {ganseti} {be} {lo} {ka} ({ce'u}) {xunre}. Is one proposed way of dealing with abstractions of colors ({zilska}) and other "elemental" sense experiences. Proposed rafsi: -gel-
ga'i
UI5
attitudinal modifier/honorific: hauteur - equal rank - meekness; used with one of lower rank.
See also {gapru}, {cnita}.
gai
PA2
digit/number: hex digit C (decimal 12) [twelve].
Experimental rafsi: -gam-
ga'icu'i
UI*5
attitudinal modifier/honorific: hauteur - equal rank - meekness; used with one of equal rank.
gai'i [experimental]
BAI
zgadi/cadga modal; 1st place: with just/expected result ...; should/ought to result in ...
Not necessarily causal; may be hypothetical.
ga'inai
UI*5
attitudinal modifier/honorific: hauteur - equal rank - meekness; used with one of higher rank.
gai'o [experimental]
GOhA
pro-bridi: the empty predicate
False for all values. See also: {zai'o} (pro-sumti; empty), {mai'i} (pro-sumti; universal), {cei'i} (pro-bridi; universal), {ctaipe}.
ganai
GA*
logical connective: forethought all but tanru-internal conditional/only if (with gi).
ga'o
GAhO
closed interval bracket marker; mod. intervals in non-logical connectives; include boundaries.
ga'u
FAhA2
location tense relation/direction; upwards/up from ...
gau
BAI
gasnu modal, 1st place agent/actor case tag with active agent ...
gau'a [experimental]
VUhU
mekso (no-more-than-4-ary) operator: Gaussian function f(x, a, b, c) = c e^{-((x-a)^2 / (2*b^2))}.
Parameter 'a' is the SECOND operand; x is the first. Defaults: c = 1/ \\sqrt{2 \\pi \\sigma} (normalized), a = \\mu (the arithmetic average of the data set), b = \\sigma (the standard deviation of the data set). Moreover, by context, \\mu = 0 (the average is 0) or \\sigma = 1 (the standard deviation is 1) might be assumed by default.
ga'u'au [experimental]
GAhUhAU
mekso n-ary operator: append contravariant (upper) indices to tensor
Terminated by {te'oi'oi}. Takes ordered input (A, X_1, X_2, …, X_(n-1)), where A is a tensor and X_i is an index with an understood (or elsewhere defined) ordered domain. It appends/assigns X_i to be the ith contravariant index of A, which is usually designated as a superscript in the ith position to the right of A. See also: {ni'a'au}. It is probable that Einstein summation notation will be conventionally in effect.
gau'e [experimental]
BAI
ganse modal, 1st place to perceiver ... ; sensed, detected by ...
gau'i'o [experimental]
PA5
digit/number: Gauss' arithmetic-geometric mean of 1 and √(2)=sqrt(2) constant G ≈ .8346268…
See also: "{cnanlagau}".
gau'o [experimental]
FAhA2
location tense relation / direction; upon/atop ...
Contraction of {ga'u re'o}
ga'u re'o
FAhA2*
location tense relation / direction; upon ...
See also {cpana}.
ge
GA
logical connective: forethought all but tanru-internal and (with gi).
ge'a
VUhU0
mathematical operator: null mathematical expression (mex) operator (used in >2-ary ops).
ge'ai [experimental]
ZOhU
metasyntactic variable prenex
Explicitly marks variables, e.g. ko'a ko'e, lerfu-strings, and/or brodV (must be converted into sumti using {me'ei}) as being metasyntactic: i.e. having no specific meaning or referent and merely used to demonstrate syntax or hypothetical scenarios. Automatically unassigns these variables from any previous assignment. e.g. (me'ei broda me'ei brode ko'a ko'e fo'a fo'e ge'ai). See {ge'ei}, {ce'ai}, {ke'au}, {zo'u}, {da'o}
ge'e
UI6
attitudinal: elliptical/unspecified/non-specific emotion; no particular feeling.
ge'ei [experimental]
UI3a
metasyntactic variable marker
Explicitly marks the preceding variable, e.g. ko'a ko'e, lerfu-strings, and/or {broda} series as being metasyntactic: i.e. having no specific meaning or referent and merely used to demonstrate syntax or hypothetical scenarios. Automatically unassigns the variable from any previous assignment. May also be used for pronouns like {mi} or {do} or {dei}. This is useful to refer to {mi} as a 'first-person pronoun' rather than the actual speaker themself, for example, when giving the definition of {mi'o}: '{mi} {ge'ei} {jo'u} {do} {ge'ei}', makes it clear that the speaker doesn't literally mean the speaker and the listener, but are using {mi} and {do} metasyntactically. Similarly, one might define {mi} as '{lo} {cusku} {be} {dei} {ge'ei}'. See {ge'ai}, {da'o}
ge'i
GA
logical connective: forethought all but tanru-internal connective question (with gi).
gei
VUhU2
trinary mathematical operator: order of magnitude/value/base; [b * (c to the a power)].
gei'au [experimental]
VUhU3
mekso 7-ary operator: for input (X_1 = z, X_2 = (a_i)_i, X_3 = (b_j)_j, X_4 = p, X_5 = q, X_6 = h_1, X_7 = h_2), this word/function outputs/yields \\sum_{n=0}^{\\infty} (((\\prod_{i = 1}^{p} (ne'o'o(a_i,n,1,h_1)))/(\\prod_{j = 1}^{q} (ne'o'o(b_j,n,1,h_2)))) z^n/(n!)); by default, X_6 = 1 = X_7 unless explicitly specified otherwise.
See "{ne'o'o}" (Pochhammer symbol); however, for the purposes of this definition and regardless of the definition(s) provided at "ne'o'o", here ne'e'o(Y_1, Y_2, Y_3, Y_4) = \\prod_{k = 0}^{Y_2 - 1} (Y_1 + (-1)^{(1 - Y_3)} Y_4 k) by local definition; ne'o'o(Y_1, Y_2, Y_3, Y_4) = 1 for all Y_2 < 1, regardless of the other inputs Y_m (so long as they belong to the domain); by default, Y_4 = 1 unless explicitly defined otherwise. For the main definition: z is a complex number, and (a_i)_i and (b_j)_j are (pre)defined sequences (id est: functions with domains being exactly the set of exactly all positive integers) such that, for all positive integer indices i and j respectively, their terms/outputs are complex numbers; both (a_i)_i and (b_j)_j are indexed starting at 1; also, p, q, h_1, h_2 are positive integers; by default, h_1 = 1 = h_2 unless explicitly specified otherwise. X_2 and X_3 may require usage of "{mau'au}" and "{zai'ai}".
gei ci
10^3; thousands
Imprecise number
gei'i'e [experimental]
JOIhI
mekso unary operator: converts a string of digits which includes {pi} to the same string of digits without {pi}; if {pi} is not present in the original/input string, the output is identical
Probably can be generalized to handle {pi'e} and distinguish macro- from micro-digits. Notice that it produces a string of digits; the meaning of this string must be established by processing through JUhU or the like. The input must also be a string of digits (not a number). Useful for certain algorithms, such as an nth root algorithm.
ge'o
BY1
shift letterals to Greek alphabet.
ge'u
GEhU
elidable terminator: end GOI relative phrases; usually elidable in non-complex phrases.
ge'u'a [experimental]
GA
logical connective: forethought all but tanru-internal always true (with gi).
Created to complete the scope of truth tables to include TTTT and FFFF, despite being described as relatively useless. Etymology: g + jetnu + A.
ge'u'i [experimental]
GEhUhI
elidable terminator for connective modifiers
Terminates {noi'i}.
gi
GI
logical connective: all but tanru-internal forethought connective medial marker.
gi'a
GIhA
logical connective: bridi-tail afterthought or.
gi'a'a [experimental]
GA
logical connective: forethought all but tanru-internal always false (with gi).
Created to complete the scope of truth tables to include TTTT and FFFF, despite being described as relatively useless. Etymology: g + jitfa + A.
gi'au [experimental]
KOhA
pro-sumti: refers to the proposition that is the left-hand side complement of the current logical connection.
Typically used in the right-hand side connectand for referring back to the content of the left-hand side connectand.
gi bu
bu-letteral
BY*
pro-sumti: in the second half of a sumti forethought connective expression, refers to the first half.
For example, in "ge X gi lo co'e be gibu", gibu refers to X. In case of nesting, the innermost connective is targeted, unless a subscript specifies otherwise: in "ge X gi tu'a ga Y gi gibu", gibu refers to Y. "gibu xi re" may be used to refer to the second-innermost referent, X. See {nu bu}.
gi'e
GIhA
logical connective: bridi-tail afterthought and.
gi'ei [experimental]
GIhEI
afterthought abstraction wrapper
Accepts 'gi'ei LE NU', 'gi'ei NU' (elided LE defaults to {lo}), or 'gi'ei LOhOI'. Wraps the bridi before it within an abstraction. e.g. 'mi klama le zarci gi'ei-le-nu cabna lo nu do klama' = 'le nu mi klama le zarci cu cabna lo nu do klama'. Also see {xoi}, {jai'i}. Grammar note: The {gi'ei}-group acts like a specialized {vau}, grabbing a single bridi. If you are in a sub-bridi of the bridi you wish to convert, you need to close the sub-bridi with {vau}, or use {i'au} to return to the top bridi of the sentence.
gi'enai
GIhA*
logical connective: bridi-tail afterthought x but not y.
gi'e'u'a [experimental]
GIhA
logical connective: bridi-tail afterthought always true.
Created to complete the scope of truth tables to include TTTT and FFFF, despite being described as relatively useless. Etymology: gi'a + jetnu + A.
gi'i
GIhA
logical connective: bridi-tail afterthought conn question.
gi'i'a'a [experimental]
GIhA
logical connective: bridi-tail afterthought always false.
Created to complete the scope of truth tables to include TTTT and FFFF, despite being described as relatively useless. Etymology: gi'a + jitfa + A.
gimet bu
bu-letteral
BY*
letteral: guillemet (letteral).
gi'o
GIhA
logical connective: bridi-tail afterthought biconditional/iff/if-and-only-if.
gi'o'i [experimental]
GOhA
pro-bridi: in the second half of a bridi forethought connective expression, refers to the first half.
For example: in "ga mi broda do gi ta na gi'o'i", gi'o'i refers to "(mi) broda do". In case of nesting, the innermost connective is targeted, unless a subscript specifies otherwise: in "ge mi broda gi ga do brode gi gi'o'i", gi'o'i refers to "do brode". "gi'o'i xi re" may be used to refer to the second-innermost referent, "mi broda".
gi'oi [experimental]
GIhOI
This cmavo precedes a predicate (at least binary) and turns it into a forethought conjunction, which syntactically behaves like GA cmavo. The predicate indicates the relationship between the two connected propositions. Terminator: {te'u}.
This is the forethought version of {ji'oi}.
gi'onai
GIhA*
logical connective: bridi-tail afterthought exclusive or; Latin 'aut'.
gi'u
GIhA
logical connective: bridi-tail afterthought whether-or-not.
go
GA
logical connective: forethought all but tanru internal biconditional/iff/if-and-only-if(with gi).
go'a
GOhA
pro-bridi: repeats a recent bridi (usually not the last 2).
go'ai [experimental]
GOhA
last bridi (with its modifiers)
Repeats the immediately preceding bridi as "{go'i}" does but with all of the modifiers made in the same, particularly negations/affirmations, excluding "{xu}". All referents remain the same unless they are explicitly changed or restated, or the word "{ra'o}" is used. If the previous bridi (say, a true-false question) were phrased in the negative, then this word would answer in the negative (whereas "go'i" would answer in the positive), and "{nago'ai}" would answer in the affirmative (whereas "nago'i" would answer in the negative). This word nontrivially couples with "{nei'ai}" in the case of the referent bridi being phrased negatively. Subscripting this word with an integer n causes the referent sentence to be earlier than the current bridi by exactly a count of n; n = 0 implies reference to the current bridi, n = +1 implies reference to the immediately preceding bridi (this is the default), n = -1 implies reference to the immediately subsequent bridi, n > 0 implies reference to some previously uttered bridi, n < 0 implies reference to some future bridi.
go'au [experimental]
COI2
marks the tagged sumti as being scope-wide within the immediate parent (text-wide by default) specified in the argument of the vocative
'{go'au} {do'u}' is an in-thought in-place way to specify global constants or variables as opposed to forethought ways.
go'e
GOhA
pro-bridi: repeats the next to last bridi.
go'i
GOhA
pro-bridi: preceding bridi; in answer to a yes/no question, repeats the claim, meaning yes.
goi
GOI
sumti assignment; used to define/assign ko'a/fo'a series pro-sumti; Latin 'sive'.
Note: Directionality of assignment may be ambiguous. {ca'e} on the "toward" side may be used to disambiguate.
goi'e [experimental]
COI3
assign sentence or tu'e...tu'u group to sumti
Works like {cei'e}, but assigns the abstraction involving the associated sentence(s) to a sumti variable. E.g. (goi'e ko'a mi tavla do) assigns (lo su'u mi tavla do) to {ko'a}. Use {lu'e} on the assigned variable to refer to the text itself. See {goi}, {cei}
go'ira'o
GOhA*
pro-bridi: preceding bridi; repeats claim as true, updating for speaker/listener change.
gonai
GA*
logical connective: forethought all but tanru-internal exclusive or (with gi); Latin 'aut'.
go'o
GOhA
pro-bridi: repeats a future bridi, normally the next one.
go'oi [experimental]
GOhOI
pro-bridi: quotes the next word and repeats the most recent bridi containing that word
The quoting rules are the same as {zo}.
go'o'i'a [experimental]
PA5
digit/number: Goloumb-Dickman constant ≈ .6243…
go'u
GOhA
pro-bridi: repeats a remote past bridi.
gu
GA
logical connective: forethought all but tanru-internal whether-or-not (with gi).
gu'a
GUhA
logical connective: tanru-internal forethought or (with gi).
gu'ai [experimental]
VUhU2
binary operator: left group action g.x
a.b = (a,b), where a is the group element and b is an element of the set. The type/description/label/name may be subscripted or denoted by function notation, as might be the group to which it belongs and/or the set upon which it acts (typically, the label should denote in the order: group, set, descriptor). See also: {ma'e'o}, {zi'a'o}, {ru'ei}
gu'anai
GUhA*
logical connective: tanru-internal forethought conditional/only if (with gi).
gu'au'i [experimental]
VUhU
mekso operator, variable arity - algebraic structure order of X1; OR: order of/(size of) period of element X1 in algebraic structure X2 under operator/of type X3
If applied to an algebraic structure (such as a group) it gives the order thereof (which, for a group, is the cardinality of the underlying set). If applied to an element of an algebraic structure, one has the options to specify the structure in which its order is being considered and/or the operator with respect to which its order is being considered (for example, in a given ring, an elements additive order is usually not its multiplicative order), although either of these made remain vague and be inferred from context; order is the smallest non-negative number of applications of the operator needed to be applied (in composition) to the original element in order for it to result in the identity element of the structure (thus, order is not always finite or even defined). See also: {mau'au}, {cu'a}.
gu'e
GUhA
logical connective: tanru-internal forethought and (with gi).
gu'e'u'a [experimental]
GUhA
logical connective: tanru-internal forethought always true (with gi).
Created to complete the scope of truth tables to include TTTT and FFFF, despite being described as relatively useless. Etymology: gu'a + jetnu + A.
gu'i
GUhA
logical connective: tanru-internal forethought question (with gi).
gu'i'a'a [experimental]
GUhA
logical connective: tanru-internal forethought always false (with gi).
Created to complete the scope of truth tables to include TTTT and FFFF, despite being described as relatively useless. Etymology: gu'a + jitfa + A.
gu'o
GUhA
logical connective: tanru-internal forethought biconditional/iff/if-and-only-if (with gi).
gu'onai
GUhA*
logical connective: tanru-internal forethought exclusive or (with gi); Latin 'aut'.
gu'u
GUhA
logical connective: tanru-internal forethought whether-or-not (with gi).
gu'y [experimental]
NAhE
predicate modifier: convert x1 to a mereological sum composed of x1.
See also {unma}.
gy
BY2
letteral for g.
i
I
sentence link/continuation; continuing sentences on same topic; normally elided for new speakers.
i'a
UI1
attitudinal: acceptance - blame.
See also {nalna'e}, {nalpro}, {no'epro}, {nalzugjdi}.
ia
UI1
attitudinal: belief - skepticism - disbelief.
See also {krici}, {jinvi}.
i'a'a [experimental]
A
logical connective: sumti afterthought always false.
Created to complete the scope of truth tables to include TTTT and FFFF, despite being described as relatively useless. Etymology: jitfa + A.
iacu'i
UI*1
attitudinal: belief - skepticism - disbelief.
i'anai
UI*1
attitudinal: acceptance - blame.
ianai
UI*1
attitudinal: belief - skepticism - disbelief.
i'au [experimental]
IhAU
reset bridi-level to zero
Auto-inserts all necessary terminators to reset to the top-level bridi of the sentence (i.e. everything that {i} would insert except the last {vau}). This is useful if you have opened multiple NU/NOI subclauses, and just want to close them all to add more sumti, terms, or a {xoi} clause to the main bridi without using a bunch of terminators. // May also be used with UI-cmavo. UI-cmavo placed immediately after {i'au} would scope over the entire sentence. This is useful for attaching attitudinals as afterthoughts, without having to close the entire sentence manually with the right number of {vau}s. See {ji'au}, {fu'e}, {fu'o}.
ia'u [experimental]
UI1
attitudinal: trust - lack of trust - distrust
Used to express trust (as in trustworthiness). Based on {lacri}.
iau [experimental]
IhAU
reset bridi-level to zero
Shortened variant of {i'au}.
ibu
bu-letteral
BY*
letteral for i.
i'e
UI1
attitudinal: approval - non-approval - disapproval.
See also {zanru}.
ie
UI1
attitudinal: agreement - disagreement.
See also {tugni}.
i'ecu'i
UI*1
attitudinal: approval - non-approval - disapproval.
ie'e [experimental]
UI1
attitudinal: finding something reasonable - unreasonable
Expresses the sentiment of, "I can get why it'd be this way", or "that seems like an understandable way to act/feel/behave". (Or, with {nai}, its opposite: the feeling that some situation or behavior is totally unreasonable / senseless / irrational.)
ie'i [experimental]
UI1
attitudinal: disgust - attraction
Expresses disgust (loathing, revulsion). Based on {rigni}, its opposite is {trina} (attraction, liking). To be used instead of the "disgust"/repulsion of {a'unai} for any kind of disgust whose opposite is not {cinri}, but trina.
i'enai
UI*1
attitudinal: approval - non-approval - disapproval.
ienai
UI*1
attitudinal: agreement - disagreement.
ie'o [experimental]
Y
filler word: um, like, y'know
Signifies that the speaker wants to "hold the floor" in a conversation, and is thinking of what to say next.
i'i
UI1
attitudinal: togetherness - privacy.
See also {kansa}, {gunma}, {sivni}, {sepli}.
ii
UI1
attitudinal: fear - security.
See also {terpa}, {snura}.
ii'au [experimental]
UI
attitudinal: yee-haw!
u'ivla. See also: {a'oi}, {o'ai}, {ni'au}, {mi'au}.
i'inai
UI*1
attitudinal: togetherness - privacy.
iinai
UI*1
attitudinal: fear - security.
ija
JA*
logical connective: sentence afterthought or.
ijanai
JA*
logical connective: sentence afterthought: (preceding sentence) if this sentence.
ije
JA*
logical connective: sentence afterthought and.
ije'i
JA*
logical connective: sentence afterthought conn question.
ijenai
JA*
logical connective: sentence afterthought x but not y.
ijo
JA*
logical connective: sentence afterthought biconditional/iff/if-and-only-if.
ijonai
JA*
logical connective: sentence afterthought exclusive or; Latin 'aut'.
iju
JA*
logical connective: sentence afterthought whether-or-not.
iku'i
'However,' 'But', 'In contrast'; separates utterances
inaja
JA*
logical connective: sentence afterthought conditional/only if.
i'o
UI1
attitudinal: appreciation - envy.
See also {ckire}, {jilra}.
io
UI1
attitudinal: respect - disrespect.
See also {sinma}.
io'e [experimental]
attitudinal: feeling grounded - feeling spacy
{io'e}{nai} could mean: dissociating, depersonalization, tripping, having an out-of-body experience. {io'e} could mean: feeling in touch with one's senses, and maybe feeling in touch with the rest of the world through them.
i'onai
UI*1
attitudinal: appreciation - envy.
ionai
UI*1
attitudinal: respect - disrespect.
io'u [experimental]
attitudinal: good mental health - bad mental health
Feeling especially relieved from (or with {nai}, especially plagued by) (semi-)permanent mental health conditions (trauma, anxiety, depression).
isemu'ibo
I*
modal sentence connection: motive 'therefore', 'and it is the motive for ...'
See also {mukti}.
iseri'abo
I*
modal sentence connection: causal 'therefore'
See also {rinka}.
i'u
UI1
attitudinal: familiarity - mystery.
See also {slabu}, {nalni'o}, {kufra}.
iu
UI1
attitudinal: love - no love lost - hatred.
See also {prami}.
iu'a [experimental]
attitudinal: sexual arousal - sexual repulsion
See also {iu'e}, {iu'i}, {iu'o}, {iu'u}.
iucu'i
UI*1
attitudinal: love - no love lost - hatred.
iu'e [experimental]
attitudinal: sexual consent - revocation of consent
See also {iu'a}, {iu'i}, {iu'o}, {iu'u}.
iu'i [experimental]
attitudinal: orgasm - impotence
See also {iu'a}, {iu'e}, {iu'o}, {iu'u}.
i'unai
UI*1
attitudinal: familiarity - mystery.
iunai
UI*1
attitudinal: love - no love lost - hatred.
iu'o [experimental]
attitudinal: kinky - vanilla
See also {iu'a}, {iu'e}, {iu'i}, {iu'u}.
iu'u [experimental]
attitudinal: sexual satisfaction - sexual dissatisfaction
See also {iu'a}, {iu'e}, {iu'i}, {iu'o}.
i'y [experimental]
BY
letteral for i.
Synonymous with the original CLL definition of .{ibu}.
iy [experimental]
BY
letteral for the i semi-vowel, sometimes written as ĭ
iy'y [experimental]
BY
letteral for y
Synonymous with {ybu}. Formed by analogy with {a'y} et al., but {y'y} is already taken.
ja
-jav-
JA
logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought or.
ja'a
NA
bridi logical affirmer; scope is an entire bridi.
ja'ai [experimental]
NAI
affirm last word: attached to cmavo to affirm them; denies negation by nai whenever it is applicable.
Suggested by Mark Shoulson in 1999 as an affirmative of {nai}. By analogy with the pairs {na}/{ja'a}, {na'e}/{je'a}, and {na'i}/{jo'a}.
ja'aku
NAKU
(adverbial) bridi logical affirmer; "it is true that...."; affirms the bridi as well as any other adverbial or quantifier located on its right.
See also {naku}.
ja'aru'e
NA*
weak bridi affirmation; barely; almost not at all.
ja'au [experimental]
PA4
subjective number which is decreasing over time
See also {jdika}, {zildika}, {ze'au}, {so'au}.
ja'e
BAI
jalge modal, 1st place resultingly; therefore result ...
ja'ei [experimental]
JAI
jai equivalent of la'e
tu'a:jai::la'e:ja'ei. So ko'a ja'ei broda equals la'e ko'a broda
ja'enai
BAI*
na'e jalge modal, 1st place (event causal); without result ...
Cf. {na'e} {jalge}
ja'i
BAI
javni modal, 1st place (by standard 1) orderly; by rule ...
jai
-jax-
JAI
convert tense/modal (tagged) place to 1st place; 1st place moves to extra FA place (fai).
jai'a [experimental]
JAIhA
grammatically converts LAhE to SE; semantically the result tags the x_1 of the selbri as being LAhE the supplied x_1. Can be converted to other than x_1 with SE.
Cf. {jai} in the TAG sense. Note that {jai} in the non-TAG sense is the same as jai'a tu'a. Example usage: lo tadni cu jai'a lu'o sruri lo dinju gi'e krixa <-> loi tadni cu sruri lo dinju gi'e jai'a lu'a krixa <-> loi tadni cu sruri lo dinju .ije lu'a lo go'i cu krixa
jaica
SE*
convert time tense (tagged) place to 1st place; 1st place moves to extra place (fai).
jai'e [experimental]
JAI
elliptical presence or absence of "jai".
If used without a sumtcita, the meaning is that the information about presence or absence of a "jai" has been left to context. "lo se pensi be mi cu jai'e jitfa" = "lo se pensi be mi cu jitfa gi'a jai jitfa". In cases where it is questionable whether or not a "jai" is needed for sumti raising, but the meaning is clear, this word can be used to bypass Lojban's very strict sumti raising semantics. Regardless of which of the two alternative meanings is then applied, the fai-place always contains the original x1. When used with a sumtcita, the meaning is identical to "jai". See also {jai}, {tu'a}, {fai}.
jaigau
SE*
makes x_1 the agent of a bridi; old 1st place moves to extra place (fai).
jai'i [experimental]
JAIhI
takes NU or LE NU, turns into sumtcita: clarifies the semantic NU-type of the current bridi.
'mi jai'i li'i klama lo zarci', 'jai'i li'i ku mi klama lo zarci', and 'mi klama lo zarci jai'i li'i' are all acceptable and equivalent. Implies '(zo'e) li'i mi klama lo zarci', but avoids wrapping the bridi in an abstraction that makes its sumti hard to access via {le} {go'i} etc. Tagged sumti, if present, fills the x_2 of the NU; e.g. 'jai'i li'i do mi klama lo zarci' implies 'fe do li'i mi klama lo zarci'
jaivi
SE*
convert location tense (tagged) place to 1st place; 1st place moves to extra place (fai).
ja'o
UI2
evidential: I conclude.
See also {selni'i}, {ni'ikri}.
ja'oi [experimental]
JAhOI
permutation cycle writer notation start
Basically like {jo'i}, but for cycles. Use {boi} in order to separate terms. Terminated by {tei'u}. In this notation, each term maps to the the subsequent term as read from left to right or heard in chronological order of utterance; the last term (immediately before {tei'u}) maps to the first term. The object constructed is a cyclic permutation, a group element. The singleton cycle is identity on that term. It can be applied to a single element among its terms or may left group act upon a set or structure, or an element if the application is not directly upon it (such as when the application is to an index or variable of that element). Permutations are composed when viewed from outside of their group structure and have the group operator act upon them when within that context. The transposition (1 2) is expressed as ' li ja'oi pa boi re tei'u '. See also: {tei'u}, {ma'o'e}, {gu'ai}, {ru'ei}, {fa'ai}.
ja'onai
UI*
discursive/evidential: after all...
Polar opposite of {ja'o} on a scale: result - mutual equivalence - cause. See also {ja'o}, {ja'e}, {ki'u}.
ja'u [experimental]
BAI
na'e fancuka modal: no matter (indirect question)...
Used with {du'u} and an indirect question. If the question type is {xu} then it is synonymous with some construction using the U truth function, e.g. "mi pendo do ja'u lo du'u xu kau do ricfu" = "mi pendo do i ju do ricfu". In fact it should not be used with {xu} since the U truth function is much shorter. It is designed to be used with all other question types. For example, "mi na kakne lo ka smusku kei ja'u lo du'u ma kau bangu", for which there only exists the paraphrase: "no da poi bangu zo'u mi kakne lo ka smusku kei bau da". It is also designed to be used with a {ni} or {jei} abstraction ("jei" in this case being mostly synonymous with "du'u xu kau"), e.g. "mi ba jinga ja'u lo ni lo drata cu troci". See also: {du'u}, {na'e}, {fancuka}, {ni}, {jei}, {u}, {ju}, {gi'u}, {gu'u}, {gu}.
jau
PA2
digit/number: hex digit D (decimal 13) [thirteen].
Experimental rafsi: -juz-
jau'au [experimental]
VUhU3
unary mathematical operator: length/number of components/terms of/in object/array/formal string/sequence/word/text in some alphabet/base/basis which includes each digit; number of digits/components/entries
For a numerical string, the number of digits are counted. For a tuple/vector/array/matrix/tensor, the number of entries/conponents is counted. Not literally the number of symbols used, but the number of meaningful "spots" occupied; for example "(1,0)" uses five characters, but its length is just 2 (for "1" and then "0"); this is due to the fact that formal representation may vary but the amount of information conveyed must remain constant. Note that digit strings are essentially considered to be vectors in the basis of powers of the base.
jau'i [experimental]
UI5
attitudinal modifier: extra properly, primly, "by the book" - rushing things, half-assing.
For example, "mi setca jau'i lo lante lo tanxe" might be neatly placing it in, "jau'icu'i" is just dropping it normally, and "jau'inai" is sorta apathetically tossing it in there. ".a'ijau'i" is careful effort, ".a'ijau'inai" is frantic/messy effort.
jau'o [experimental]
Break in speech in order to demonstrate something in a nongrammatical or nonlinguistic way.
Terminates via ".{i}". Can be followed by a list of words (connected perhaps via "{ce}"), or a picture, or a physical mimicking/charade of actions or a pointing of a finger. Useful for asking about how to say a certain thing (which can be indicated or acted out) or for memes; in writing, it would often be expressed via a colon (":") in English. It would be used for, at the very least, the final colon in the caption to this image: https://photos.app.goo.gl/M6y4fhCy32sgi5No8 , but possibly for the others as well. Neither expression on either side of this word (from the immediately previous ".i" or the beginning of the text, whichever is closer, to the immediately following ".i" or the end of the text, whichever is closer) need be grammatical; the information which is conveyed subsequent to this word may not even be linguistic.
jau'u [experimental]
JAUhU
lambda quantifier: binds a lambda variable.
je
-jev-
-jve-
JA
logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought and.
je'a
NAhE
scalar affirmer; denies scalar negation: Indeed!.
See also: {ja'a}.
je'abo
NAhE+BO
negation sumti qualifier: that which indeed is.
Cf. {je'a}, {bo}, {na'ebo}, {no'ebo}, {to'ebo}.
je'ai [experimental]
NAhE
NAhE question.
je'au [experimental]
UI3
discursive: correcting/corrective/correction - inattentive/uncaring/neutral toward the presence of possible errors - permitting (known/likely/plausible) error/incompleteness/approximation
je'aucu'i
UI3*
discursive: correcting/corrective/correction - inattentive/uncaring/neutral toward the presence of possible errors - permitting (known/likely/plausible) errordiscursive: correcting/corrective/correction - inattentive/uncaring/neutral toward the presence of possible errors - permitting (known/likely/plausible) error/incompleteness/approximation
Potentially useful for academic/technical honesty.
je'aunai
UI3*
discursive: correcting/corrective/correction - inattentive/uncaring/neutral toward the presence of possible errors - permitting (known/likely/plausible) errordiscursive: correcting/corrective/correction - inattentive/uncaring/neutral toward the presence of possible errors - permitting (known/likely/plausible) error/incompleteness/approximation
Not quite lying since this construct alerts the audience in good faith to the presence of (known/plausible/likely) errors or "incomplete truths" in the utterance; the plausibility and pertinence of the presence of such errors is subject to the utterer's judgment, opinion, knowledge, philosphy, desire to draw attention to them at that stage in the discussion, belief, etc. - in other words, absolute Truth (such as in an existential sense external to the utterer) does not necessarily result in the utterance of this construct, even if errors may be present. Potentially useful for academic or technical honesty. "Error" may be rendered as "incompleteness of truth" or "approximation" in this context.
je'e
COI
vocative: roger (ack) - negative acknowledge
used to acknowledge offers and thanks
je'e'e [experimental]
VUhU
mekso operator: associated Legendre polynomial in a with unassociated order b and associated order c
b is a nonnegative integer; c is an integer. Lacks the Condon-Shortley phase. Normalized with P_n(1)=1 (outputs 1 for a=1, c=0, for any b in the domain set; this function is notably not normalized for integrations).
je'enai
COI*
vocative: roger (ack) - negative acknowledge (I didn't hear you)
je'i
JA
logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought conn question.
jei
-jez-
NU
abstractor: truth-value abstractor; x_1 is truth value of [bridi] under epistemology x_2.
jei'o [experimental]
MOI
x_1 is PA weeks in duration by standard x_2.
Example "pu lo re jei'o" meaning "two weeks ago". See also {jeftu}, {nei'o}, {lei'o}, {doi'e}, {coi'e}, {moi'e}, {soi'e}, {cei'a}.
jei'u [experimental]
UI2
evidential: I intuit... / I suspect...
Contains no negative connotation. See {jijnu}, {jijyji'i}, {pe'i}
jeku'i
but
Compared to {je} and {ku'i} separately this compound more closely corresponds to English 'but', which has meanings of both a conjunction and a discursive.
jenai
JA*
logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought x but not y.
je'o
BY1
shift letterals to Hebrew alphabet.
je'u
UI3
discursive: truth - falsity.
See also {jetnu}.
je'u'a [experimental]
JA
logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought always true.
Created to complete the scope of truth tables to include TTTT and FFFF, despite being described as relatively useless. Etymology: j + jetnu + A.
je'unai
UI*3
discursive: truth - falsity.
ji
A
logical connective: sumti afterthought connective question.
ji'a
UI3b
discursive: additionally.
See also {jmina}.
ji'a'a [experimental]
JA
logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought always false.
Created to complete the scope of truth tables to include TTTT and FFFF, despite being described as relatively useless. Etymology: j + jitfa + A.
ji'acu'i
UI*
discursive: continuing/extending/belaboring the point
See also: "{ke'u}".
ji'ai [experimental]
LE
job descriptor: the one which does …
ji'anai
UI*
discursive: returning to or correcting a previous point, moving back in the conversation/discourse
If "{ji'a}" is "additionally", then this is "subtractionally".
ji'asai
UI*3b
even
Used to indicate an intense additional case or intense additional cases. ex.) lo xagji cribe cu citka lo cinki ku ji'a sai (A hungry bear will eat even insects.)
ji'au [experimental]
TOIhE
attitudinal scope modifier: marks following attitudinal/UI-cluster as applying to the last lexical unit
Part of a proposal to redefine attitudinals/UI-clauses as being inherently ambiguous in scope; placing ji'au before the UI-clause (e.g. ji'au ui) will restore and emphasize the original functionality of UI-clauses attaching to the last lexical unit. See {i'au}, {toi'e}, {fu'e}, {fu'o}. Closable with {toi'o}.
ji'e
BAI
jimte modal, 1st place limitedly; up to limit ...
ji'e'ai [experimental]
VUhU
mekso unary operator: determinant, det(A)
A must be an n×n matrix, or a linear operator or a system of equations which can be represented as such.
ji'ei [experimental]
UI5
animate - inanimate
See also {jmive}.
ji'einai
UI*5
animate - inanimate
See also {ji'ei}, {jmive}.
ji'i
PA4
digit/number: approximately (default the typical value in this context) (number).
ji'ima'u
PA*
rounded up (appended after string of digits indicating a rounded value).
ji'ini'u
PA*
rounded down (appended after string of digits indicating a rounded value).
ji'i'u [experimental]
VUhU
mekso, at-most-5-ary operator: a rounding function; ordered input list is (x,n,t,m,b) and the output is sgn(x) b^{t} round_{n} (b^{(-t)} abs(x)), with rounding preference n and where the fractional part of b^{(-t)} abs(x) being equal to 1/2 causes the round_{n} ( ) function to map b^{(-t)} abs(x) to the nearest integer of form 2Z+m, for base b (determined by context if not explicitly input) and some integer Z (determined by context).
This function rounds x toward or away from 0; if you want a complementary function which rounds toward positive or negative infinity, then see "{ji'i'u'u}". x must be a real number; & n must be exactly one of exactly the following: -1, 0, 1; & t must be an integer (contextless default: 0) if defined at all (see infra); & m must be 0 xor 1 if it is defined at all (see infra); & b is a numerical base (if determined by context) or is a nonzero real number (if explicitly specified), see infra; the output is a real (typically: rational) number. n does not have a contextless default value; it determines the type of rounding which is to be used here (see infra). m is defined iff n = 0; if m is/would be undefined, then its slot is automatically and implicitly deleted from this word in that context (so the operator is at-most-4-ary and the the final argument would fill the 't' xor 'b' slot under the condition that three xor four (resp.) arguments are explicitly used). If m is defined, then its contextless default value is m = 0. This function/word first determines the base being used for interpretation of digit strings (determined by context or by explicit specification (JUhAU)) for/as applied to x; this determination takes place even before inputs are accepted after x; let this base be represented by b throughout this description unless b is explicitly specified as an input. In such case, if the base of x is a positional system wherein each digit represents a corresponding multiple of a fixed natural number raised to the power of its position (as determined relative to the radix point) and wherein the overall number is the sum of these results/representands, or if b is explicitly specified as an input, then t is defined; if the base of x is sufficiently bad or unclear and b is not explicitly specified as an input, then t is undefined. Of course, if b is explicitly specified as an input, then that value (if valid) is the meaning of "b" throughout this description. If t is undefined, then its slot is automatically and implicitly deleted from this word in that context (so the operator is at-most-3-ary and its input acceptance is terminated by the 'n' xor 'm' slot, whichever one is later yet defined (because, assumptively, 'b' is not explicitly specified); if 'm' is defined and explicitly uttered when 't' is undefined and the 'x' and 'n' values have been explicitly specified, then the third input is 'm') and "b^t" = "b^{(-t)}" = b = 1 formally for the purposes of this definition (but not necessarily for the base for any digit-to-number interpretation/conversion, particularly on x!). If t is defined, then its contextless default value is t = 0. The rounding function, determined by n, is performed on (b^{(-t)})abs(x). If n = 1, then the rounding function is the ceiling function: (b^{(-t)})abs(x) is mapped to the least integer that is greater than or equal to it; in other words, it rounds up. If n = -1, then the rounding function is the floor function: (b^{(-t)})abs(x) is mapped to the greatest integer that is less than or equal to it; in other words, it rounds down. These integers are both determined by the ordering and metric. If n = 0, then the rounding function maps (b^{(-t)})abs(x) to the integer that minimizes the metric distance between itself and (b^{(-t)})abs(x) if a unique such integer exists (id est: (b^{(-t)})abs(x) is mapped to the nearest integer, where "nearest"-ness is determined according to the order and metric); if no such unique integer exists, then (b^{(-t)})abs(x) is mapped to the unique integer among these aforementioned options for which there exists an integer Z such that 2Z+m is the integer in question; if no unique such integer exists, then the function is undefined. Thus, n = 0 produces the commonly used unbiased nearest-integer rounding function. In each of these cases, the output of the rounding function is then multiplied by sgn(x) b^{t}. Thus, it rounds at the tth digit if b matches the base of x and else to the nearest multiple of b in the tth digit of abs(x), so to speak. Notice that rounding up or down always is applied to the absolute value, so it is really rounding (positive or negative) infinity-ward or zeroward respectively. The order on, and the operators and metric endowing, the metric space and field of all real numbers is determined by context or by explicit specification. The absolute value function is denoted as "abs( )" in the definition, and the signum function sgn is such that sgn(z) = z/abs(z) for all real z: abs(z) > 0, and sgn(0) = 0.
ji'i'u'u [experimental]
VUhU
mekso, at-most-5-ary; rounding function. (See notes).
This word is mathematically equivalent to "{ji'i'u}", except that every occurrence of "abs(x)" in its definition is here replaced simply with "x" and every occurrence of "sgn(x)" in its definition is here replaced with "1". In other words, where "ji'i'u" really rounds toward or away from 0, this word rounds toward negative or positive infinity. The behaviors coincide for nonnegative x, but differ for x < 0; for example, for x < 0, a 'negative-type' rounding for "ji'i'u" would round toward 0, which is actually an increase in value (just decrease in absolute value) while remaining negative, whereas a 'negative-type' rounding here would round toward negative infinity, which is a decrease in value (but an increase in absolute value) while remaining negative. This function corresponds more closely with a simple floor or ceiling function, but can be annoying in certain common contexts due to the need to define behavior involving it piecewisely for negative x.
ji'o
BAI
jitro modal, 1st place (control) controlledly; under direction of ...
ji'o'e [experimental]
YhI
connective: elliptical/generic/vague
Like {zo'e} or {co'e}, but for connectives. The connectives referred to may be logical or non-logical; they take the form proper for the syntax/context (probably is best implemented using post-original CLL connective system modification such as the MAD proposal or the system developed by selpa'i); in standard original CLL usage, this would be the inter-tanru after-thought connective. Synonymous with but morphologically and phonotactically allowed version of .{y'i}.
ji'oi [experimental]
JIhOI
This cmavo precedes a predicate (at least binary) and turns it into a conjunction, which syntactically behaves like JA cmavo. The predicate indicates the relationship between the two connected propositions. Terminator: {te'u}.
{je} = «ji'oi {zilkanxe} te'u»; {ja} = «ji'oi {zilvlina} te'u». • «mi ji'oi balvi do snada» = «lo nu mi snada cu balvi lo nu do snada» • «mi ji'oi fanta do cmima» = «lo nu mi cmima cu fanta lo nu do cmima» • «mi se zunti ji'oi fanta cu jundi» = «lo nu mi se zunti cu fanta lo nu mi jundi»
ji'u
BAI
jicmu modal, 1st place (assumptions); given that ...; based on ...
jo
-jov-
JA
logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought biconditional/iff/if-and-only-if.
jo'a
UI3a
discursive: metalinguistic affirmer.
See also {drani}.
jo'ai [experimental]
JAI
convert a selbri tag followed by a tanru unit to a tanru unit; differently from {jai}, it does not change the first place of the tanru unit.
Examples: citno jo'ai ba'o jatna (to be a young ex-president); jo'ai ba'o se cliva zdadi'u (to be an abandoned house). See also {jai}.
jo'au [experimental]
COI3
change version/dialect of parser
{do'u} is the elidable terminator. The morphology and the grammar of cmevla/sumti/selbri following {jo'au} should conform to the version 134 of the page ``BPFK Section: PEG Morphology Algorithm'' on the website lojban.org and the official grammar so that a {jo'au} clause forms a free modifier compatible with every version/dialect of lojban parser: for example, ``jo'au jie bu'' and ``jo'au xy xi xei'' are not meaningful clauses. As a standard usage, {jo'au} clause appears at the very beginning of the whole text, just as the inverse of the usage of {fa'o}. The scope of the meaning of {jo'au} clause spans over the following part until the next {jo'au} clause appears. Optionally, if the first {jo'au} clause appears in the middle of a text, the meaning of it spans from the beginning of the text until the next {jo'au} clause appears. Examples of meaning: jo'au cylyly xi papipa (official yacc and jbofi'e http://www.lojban.org/jboski/ ); jo'au camxes (current peg http://camxes.lojban.org/ ); jo'au iocixes (zasni gerna of la xorxes https://skami2.iocikun.jp/lojban/zasniGerna , http://www.lojban.org/tiki/zasni+gerna ); jo'au zantufa xi nopipapa (zantufa version 0.11 http://guskant.github.io/gerna_cipra/zantufa-0.11.html ); jo'au ilmentufa xi renopavopi'epapapi'erevo (ilmentufa version 2014-11-24 http://mw.lojban.org/extensions/ilmentufa/camxes-exp.html , https://github.com/Ilmen-vodhr/ilmentufa ); jo'au fancylojban (fancylojban http://mw.lojban.org/lmw/fancylojban , http://mw.lojban.org/lmw/ce_ki_tau_jau .); jo'au gadganzu (gadri reinterpretation/reassignment proposal, http://mw.lojban.org/papri/zipcpi:_Yet_another_gadri_article ; no grammar changes, only semantic)
jo'aunai
COI*3
denial of dialect
Used to express that a {jo'au}-dialect is not currently being used. E.g. "jo'aunai {tcekitaujau}"
jo'au'o [experimental]
BY1
shift letterals to Lojban alphabet
What a "Lojban alphabet" constitutes is determined by culture/context. This shift returns letterals to their contextless default/natural form. (Part of a proposal to restrict definition of {lo'a} to strictly the Latin script.)
jo'e
-jom-
JOI
non-logical connective: union of sets.
jo'ei [experimental]
JOI
nonlogical connective: disjoint union
jo'ei'i [experimental]
JOI
nonlogical connective (and mekso operator) - symmetric difference of sets
'X1 jo'ei'i X2' is equivalent to 'X1 kei'i X2 jo'ei X2 kei'ibo X1'. Analogous to .{onai} (logical XOR).
jo'i
JOhI
join mathematical expression (mex) operands into an array.
joi
-jol-
-joi-
JOI
non-logical connective: mixed conjunction; "and" meaning "mixed together", forming a mass.
joi'au'a [experimental]
JOI
non-logical connective: to be in a (nontrivial) superposition of (states); mixture
Schrödinger's cat is not 'dead and alive' nor is it 'dead and alive'; so long as its wavefunction does not collapse, it is in a (linear) nontrivial superposition of the states 'dead' and 'alive'. In a sense, it is in both but also neither. Likewise, someone travelling northwestward is not travelling (due) northward AND (due) westward, nor are they travelling (due) northward OR (due) westward; they are travelling a mixture of both. It can also be used for answering "yes"/"no" questions; it may or may noy be helpful in this role, but it is distinct from an elliptical or non-definitive answer. Waves especially work well with superpositions. The only decent way to denote this concept in English without resorting to long-winded roundabout descriptions is '+'.
joibu
bu-letteral
BY*
letteral: ampersand character; especially used in standing for a mixed connective.
joi'i [experimental]
VUhU
mekso string operator (n-ary): formal right-concatenation; X_1 + X_2 + X_3 +..., where X_i is a string/word/text/character/letteral/lerfu/quoted utterance (quote appropriately iff necessary; preserve and be careful about the use-vs.-mention distinction) for all i.
Generally noncommutative. X_i may be referenced by a defined/named string-type object/variable; for example: if s = 'BC', then joihi('A', s) = 'ABC' (and not 'As'). The result is a single string written over the alphabet that is the union of each of the alphabets of the X_i's. joihi('ABC', 'DEF', 'GHI') = 'ABC' + 'DEF' + 'GHI' = 'ABCDEFGHI'. Use SE conversion for left-concatenation, depending on exact presentation of input strings. See "{konkatena}".
jonai
JA*
logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought exclusive or; Latin 'aut'.
jo'o
BY1
shift letterals to Arabic alphabet.
jo'oi [experimental]
JOI
non-logical connective: the more ..., the more...
Usually connects two sentences. "broda .i jo'oi brode" means roughly "the more broda, the more brode" (German "je... desto") and more precisely "lo nu lo ni broda kei cu zenba cu nibli lo nu lo ni brode kei cu zenba". Negating one of the components (NA jo'oi NAI) changes "zenba" to "jdika", so e.g. "jo'oi nai" means "the more..., the less...". Using SE swaps the antecedent with the consequent. While this connective usually connects sentences, it is perfectly correct to use it to connect anything that non-logical connectives can. "mi ecre jo'oi certu" means "the more I practice, the more I'm skilled".
jorne bu
bu-letteral
BY*
letteral: hyphen (letteral).
jo'u
-jo'u-
JOI
non-logical connective: in common with; along with (unmixed).
ju
-juv-
JA
logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought whether-or-not.
ju'a
UI2
evidential: I state - (default) elliptical/non-specific basis.
See also {xusra}.
ju'acu'i
UI*2
evidential: I say without asserting; "supposedly… / allegedly…"
Used to describe something as others describe it or as convenient, but without asserting that the description is accurate or correct. Something like English "so-called", but without necessarily implying sarcasm ({xo'o}). See {ju'a}, {iacu'i}
ju'ai [experimental]
MAI
Default number radix modifier: changes the value of the default radix assumed for any numeral lacking an explicit radix within the following text, until another {ju'ai} appears.
By default, the number radix is deduced from context; it is always possible to restore a context-dependent default with {xo'e ju'ai} or {no'o ju'ai}. {pa no ju'ai} isn't a good usage because {pa no}'s interpretation depends on the current default radix; {dau ju'ai} should be preferred. For setting hexadecimal as the default, you may use {bi pi'i re ju'ai}.
ju'aku'i
UI*
evidential: although, even though, while, whilst
ju'anai
UI*2
evidential: I say without asserting; "supposedly… / allegedly…"
Used to describe something as others describe it or as convenient, but without asserting that the description is accurate or correct. Something like English "so-called", but without necessarily implying sarcasm ({xo'o}). See {ju'a}, {iacu'i}
ju'au [experimental]
JUhAU
semi-mathematical binary operator: named number base operator/interpreter
Follows a number and is followed by a sumti string (introduced with appropriate gadri, multiple sumti strung together via connectives); scope terminates with the end of the sumti and/or with {ke'e'au}. The construct as a whole syntactically functions as a parenthetical so that mekso may be resumed immediately thereafter without any difficulty. This word attaches to/affects the immediately preceding macrodigit string extending from the last evaluated number, number operation, etc. or bracket to/until this word. The preceding number is semantically interpreted according to the description to which the following sumti refers. If a sequence is supplied as the following sumti, the preceding number is interpreted so that each digit, starting from the left (default: see next), is understood as a multiple of the corresponding value in the sequence under the ordering given (which may produce an invalid/ill-formed result; the placement of {pi} matters as well). If a single number is submitted (such as "li {dau}"), this word acts as {ju'u}; the number is interpreted according to the rules of mekso and is its own island for such interpretation (thus {ju'u} is needed to override a cultural/grammatical default interpretation, such as decimal, even if this is done within the mekso expression outside of and including the scope of this word). In this way, the sumti being (10^n)_n, which is a sequence, is the same as the sumti being just 10, but is very different from it being the sequence (10)_n. The original default for numeral-position/string reading/interpretation is from left-to-right, where a digit on the left in a pair of digits represents that multiple of a "later" term in the sequence as compared to right member of the pair; thus "23" in decimal means (2*(10^1)) + (3*(10^0)), which is twenty-three. This default may be overridden via specification of the sequence (either its ordering, its domain being negated, or alteration to the base); alternatively, and perhaps more easily, the appearance of "la'e zoi jbo. ri'u bi'o zu'a .jbo" will always reverse it (this is a special input value with interpretation defined by this grammar); when reversed, "23" in decimal means (2*(10^0)) + (3*(10^1)), which is to say thirty-two. Generally, this word overrides the default interpretation of a string of microdigits when computing the value of a macrodigit (see: {ju'u'i}). See also: {ju'u}, {ju'u'i}, {pi'e}.
ju'e
JOI
vague non-logical connective: analogous to plain ".i".
ju'ei [experimental]
JUhEI
Tight scope bridi separator; analogous to {.i} without ending the abstractor or relative clause.
"nu broda ju'ei brode" is equivalent to "nu ju'e gi broda gi brode". Similarly "ko'a noi broda ju'ei brode" is equivalent to "ko'a noi ju'e gi broda gi brode".
ju'i
COI
vocative: attention - at ease - ignore me.
ju'icu'i
COI*
vocative: attention - at ease - ignore me.
ju'inai
COI*
vocative: attention - at ease - ignore me.
ju'o
UI5
attitudinal modifier: certainty - uncertainty - impossibility.
See also {birti}, {cumki}.
ju'ocai
UI*5
attitudinal modifier: intense certainty.
ju'ocu'i
UI*5
attitudinal modifier: certainty - uncertainty - impossibility.
ju'oi [experimental]
UI2
evidential: I know that...
May also be used to say you know the answer to a question asked to you, or an indirect question ({kau}) you had tagged. See {ju'oinai}, {djuno}, {ju'o}
ju'oinai
UI*2
evidential: I don't know that...
May be used to say you don't know the answer to a question asked to you, or an indirect question ({kau}) you had tagged. See {ju'oi}, {djuno}, {ju'o}
ju'onai
UI*5
attitudinal modifier: certainty - uncertainty - impossibility.
ju'opei
UI*6
attitudinal: certainty question.
ju'u
VUhU2
binary mathematical operator: number base; [a interpreted in the base b].
ju'u'i [experimental]
JUhUhI
long-digit interpretation specifier; macrodigit named base specifier
When a string of multiple digits is on either side of {pi'e}, the string is to be interpreted as a single "macrodigit" in the longer numeric string; let the digits that compose it be called "microdigits" for clarity. By default, the macrodigit is interpreted as being written/expressed in some cultural or grammatical default (this default is overridden by {ju'au} if its specifying sumti requires an alternative interpretation for the value of the macrodigits), probably decimal- the interpretation of the string of microdigits produces a number, x; the "{pi'e}" implies the denominator to be used in determining the fraction for which x is in the numerator and context or possibly a specified base determines its value- in timekeeping, the interpretation is typically x/60 for certain macrodigits. However, the default for determining the value of x given a string of microdigits might be useful to override (for example, Tsohnai uses an overall factorial base but each macrodigit is written in balanced quinary); this word specifies the base used for interpreting the macrodigit from a string of microdigits. It is placed at the end of the string (possibly before the next "{pi'e}") and its scope of effect extends from there, through the string of microdigits, to either the beginning of the number as a whole or the most recent "{pi'e}" (whichsoever was more recently uttered). It is to be followed by a sumti (or multiple sumti strung together by connectives) and has its scope of specification terminate with that sumti; in this regard, it works syntactically and semantically exactly like {ju'au}. In fact, {ju'au} can be used outside of the number in order to specify the macrodigit interpretation instead of this word (for example, if its sumti were la .tsonais., this word would not be needed); however, if only a sequence were to have been given as the argument of {ju'au} (such as the factorial sequence) and if some base other than decimal were desired for the interpretation of each macrodigit from the string of microdigits, then this word would be used. If only one macrodigit appears in the number, then this word is equivalent to {ju'au}. In short, the scope of this word is one contiguous string of microdigits, and it influences their interpretation into a macrodigit value in the same way that {ju'au} does. However, if both {ju'au} and this word specify how to interpret a given string of microdigits in the same number (composed of macrodigits), this word overrides the interpretation specified by {ju'au} (but only for this macrodigit); thus, for example, a Tsohnai number can have each of its macrodigits be interpreted in balanced quinary except one, which the speaker specifies via this word, because they know the value but did not want to convert it to balanced quinary (because it may be too large or hard to do so easily), so they instead expressed it in decimal.
jy
BY2
letteral for j.
ka
-kam-
NU
abstractor: property/quality abstractor (-ness); x_1 is quality/property exhibited by [bridi].
ka'a
BAI
klama modal, 1st place gone to by ...
ka'ai [experimental]
BAI
kansa modal, 1 place; with .../with a companion ...
See also {kansa}
ka'au [experimental]
VUhU3
mekso unary operator: cardinality (#, | |)
Usually should be reserved for use on sets; if applied to group, it is the cardinality of the underlying set (Which is the order of the group)- but it should probably not be applied to an element of a group. Application to a graph is ambiguous: is it the number of vertices or edges, or both, or neither, (if it defined at all)? For a set, each unique heretofore not counted element increments the running subtotal by 1 if the set is countable (small infinite or finite). See: {cu'a}, {zilkancu}, {nilzilcmi}, {gu'au'i}.
ka bu
bu-letteral
the last sumti having a {ka}-abstraction at its topmost level inside
See also {nu bu}, {ni bu}, {du'u bu}
ka'e
CAhA
modal aspect: innate capability; possibly unrealized.
ka'ei [experimental]
NU
abstractor: predicate abstractor. x_1 is the predicate expressed by [bridi], using bo'a, bo'e, etc for variables.
Identical in meaning to an n-ary {ka}, but with lambda-variables bound to {bo'a}/{bo'e}/{bo'i}/{bo'o}/{bo'u} ({bo'ai} for additional variables) instead of {ce'u} (which may still be used for "next place"). This is mainly for convenience, to avoid having to assign pro-sumti to {ce'u} variables either with {goi} or {ce'ai}. See {me'ei}, {me'au}, {cei'e}, {ckaji}, {ckini}
ka'ei'a [experimental]
PA5
digit/number: Conway's look-and-say constant λ ≈ 1.303577269…
Especially important for Lojban. Assumes decimal counting(?); therefore, not entirely culturally neutral or mathematically important, but it makes sense in the context of typical Lojban.
ka'i
BAI
krati modal, 1st place represented by ...
kai
BAI
ckaji modal, 1st place characterizing ...
kai'a [experimental]
UI2
evidential: by definition... / essentialistically...
Differs from {ca'e}, in that rather than defining something to be true, this gives an opinion on an existing definition or essential characteristic. See {kairpau}.
kai'ai [experimental]
BAI
karbi modal: with comparing agent - (SE) compared to - (TE) compared to - (VE) compared according/with respect to - (XE) with comparison...
See {karbi}, {ku'i}, {zu'u}.
kai'au [experimental]
ZUhEI
Adverbial, metacommentary-introducing, and complex discursive or attitudinal: I express this utterance in a manner or with mental state which is described by the immediately following and enclosed bridi in reference to the tagged construct, or assert that the said immediately following and enclosed bridi is true in application to the tagged construct in a metacommentary style.
Operates in the grammatical manner which "{zu'ei}" does, albeit with different semantics (and arguably resulting in an attitudinal instead of a discursive in some instances); there is no restriction on a ZUhEI construct tagging any part of another one (although application of one to the whole and presence of the other, rather than to merely a given construct within its enclosed bridi or to the same tagged structure which the first ZUhEI tags, requires "{toi'e}"). Can be closely related to "{soi'a} {broda}", depending on 'broda'. Examples: "Hopefully"/"I hope"/"one should hope", "sadly", "regretfully", "cordially", "stoically"/"being emotionally hard" (probably said of oneself), "being sexually aroused", "(metpahorically or physically) hungrily" (probably said of oneself), "candidly/"honestly"/"forthcomingly"/"with candor"/"earnestly", "abstemiously", "abstainingly", "being neutral in this affair", "hurriedly" (said of the act of expressing itself), "guiltily", "confessionally", "obviously"/"of course"/"clearly", "with realization"/"coming to understanding", "confusedly" (probably expressing own confusion), "relatedly", "inserting a comment here to the effect of...", etc.; compare to analogous bridi in a "zu'ei" scope.
kai'e [experimental]
UI2
evidential: I expect - I deny expecting
See {kanpe}, {lai'i}, {vei'i}. Split from {ba'a} so that it can be properly negated with {nai} or questioned with {pei}
kai'ei [experimental]
NU
abstractor: x_1 (x_2, ...) are such that they satisfy [bridi], using bo'a/bo'e/etc for variables
{kai'ei} is to {kai'u} what {ka'ei} is to {ka}. Uses {bo'a}/{bo'e}/{bo'i}/{bo'o}/{bo'u} ({bo'ai} for more variables) instead of {ce'u} (which may still be used for "next place").
kai'i [experimental]
LE
Property relativizing determiner / unary quantifier constructor. {kai'i} introduces a predicate whose first argument slot becomes filled by the property made by taking the bridi in which this {kai'i} appears and putting {ce'u} into the argument slot in which this {kai'i} argument was located. Put formally, "kai'i brodi cu brodu" = "lo ka ce'u brodu cu brodi". Additionally, a {kai'i} term has a rightward logical scope, like quantifiers and adverbials.
{kai'i} can be used to rephrase quantifiers as predicates, e.g. "ro da poi mlatu cu mabru" = "kai'i kampu be lo mlatu cu mabru"; "so'u remna cu kakne su'o simsa" = "kai'i zilrirci/so'umpu be lo remna cu kakne kai'i nartolkau/su'ompu be lo simsa". Other usage examples: "kai'i se snada be mi mo'u pagre lo rirxe" = "I succeeded to cross the river"; "falgau lo patxu fa kai'i snuti" = "making the pot fall was an accident, was unintentional"; "xunre je cukta fa kai'i se sisku be mi" = "A red book is what I'm searching for"; "kai'i dzaze'a cu pagzu'e" = "the number of participants is increasing". See also {kau'u}, {soi'a}.
kai'o [experimental]
PA5
quaternion i
Works like {ka'o} (as a comma) and is isomorphic to (and might even be considered identical to/equivalent with) it. See also: {ka'o}, {kei'o}, {koi'o}, {kau'o}.
kai'u [experimental]
NU
abstractor: x_1 (x_2, ...) are such that they satisfy [bridi], binding to the open {ce'u} slots.
See also {me'au}, {emna}, {ka} and {ce'u}
ka'o
PA5
digit/number: imaginary i; square root of -1.
Acts as a number punctuation mark (separating the real and the imaginary parts of a complex number); for example "ci ka'o re" means 3 + 2i. See also: {kau'o}, {ka'o'ai}, {ka'o'ei}.
ka'o'ai [experimental]
PA5
imaginary i (non-comma)
This is literally a unit, a pure number that is treated as a scalar; it is what happens when considering C to be a field over C - ordered pairs/tuples for coordinates no longer make much sense. Thus, this number operates exactly as one might think i would/should operate: as a single number, without components. In certain bases, it can be used a pure digit (which simplifies some potential numeric strings, compared to the usage of {ka'o} therein). See also: {ka'o} (and its commentary on Jbovlaste for the justification for this word), {fai'u}.
ka'o'ei [experimental]
PA5
imaginary i, comma - spherical coordinates: first coordinate gives magnitude (complex modulus/radius) of the number, the second number gives the angle from the positive real axis measured counterclockwise toward the 'positive' imaginary axis (default: in the primary branch/Arg) as measured in some units (which that number should contain; the contextless default will suppose radians); the angle is not normalized.
The number (r, x) = r*e^(i x); this would be denoted by "ry ka'o'ei xy". The angle x is (by default) measured in radians and is not normalized (contains no hidden/inherent multiples of pi); it will canonically be between 0 and tau radians (inclusive on only one side; "tau" here means "{tau'u}"), but it need not be so restricted; x will almost certainly be real. r is necessarily nonnegative and real. r = 0 implies that (r,x) = 0 (as a complex number - id est: complex zero); r being infinite implies that (r,x) is complex infinity (on the Riemann sphere, for example); in either of these situations, x will default to x = 0 if possible - otherwise, to the least value allowed by its domain which is congruent to 0 modulo tau radians. See also: {te'o}, {ka'o}.
ka'oi [experimental]
MOI
x_1 (ka) is obtained from x_2 (ka) by uncurrying the first N places
"lo ka ko'a ce'o ko'e ce'ai broda" (see wiki 'Abstraction Pattern Syntax') is equivalent to "lo reka'oi co ka ce'u ce'u broda"
ka'oi'i [experimental]
NU
convert bridi into n-ary property claim: x_n is such that it fills the n-th occurrence of ce'u in [bridi].
Similar to {poi'i} but using {ce'u} instead of {ke'a} as the binding variable, thus allowing for plural properties. In particular, allows for an alternative way of defining brivla. E.g. {cabna} = "ka'oi'i ce'u fasnu ca ce'u kei". See also {ka}, {poi'i}, {ce'u}.
ka'u
UI2
evidential: I know by cultural means (myth or custom).
See also {kluju'o}.
kau
UI3a
discursive: marks word serving as focus of indirect question: "I know WHO went to the store".
kau'a [experimental]
KOhA1
pro-sumti: strong-memory something1/eidetic da/elephant thing1 (logically quantified existential, arbitrarily-long-scope pro-sumti)
The meaning is the same as {da} and it functions the same way except that any assignment/qualification placed upon it (except for quantification) is semantically retained throughout a discourse until {da'o} is uttered; it acts as though the scope (except for quantification that occurs outside of a POI-clause) of all previous usages are arbitrarily long, terminated only by {da'o} or the end of the discourse. User beware: usage is tricky. See also: {kau'e}, {kau'i}, {da'au}, {da}.
kau'ai [experimental]
KAUhAI
Microdigit-spanning endianness binary-toggle.
Switches the endianness of the microdigits in all subsequent numeric strings (during their interpretation phase) from big-endian to little-endian or vice-versa; macrodigit endianness is unaffected; it does span across macrodigits (into their microdigits), until used again or terminated by the end of scope of {li}, etc. (see below). So, for example, in the context of specifying a month of the year and a day of the month (in macrodigit big-endian format: MM-DD), exactly "kau'ai pa re pi'e pa no" is in little-endian mode for exactly the microdigits and means only the first day of the twenty-first month, if it existed, (and not the twelfth day of the tenth month, the tenth day of the twelfth month, the twenty-first day of the first month, or anything else); meanwhile, exactly "kau'ai kau'ai pa re pi'e pa no" is big-endian in its microdigits and means only the tenth day of the twelfth month (and not the twenty-first day of the first month, the twelfth day of the tenth month, the first day of the twenty-first month (if it existed), or anything else). Without prior specification or context, Lojban assumes a big-endian setting (although such language is never explicitly used in the CLL), except for certain brivla (such as {detri}, currently); in such a case or in any case whatsoever other than having previously and still-actively and explicitly specified the little-endian interpretation, including bi-endian or middle-endian etc./vel sim. cases, the first active and explicit usage of this word (called the "original usage" here) switches the interpretation to little-endian; thereafter, each usage will toggle between big-endian (all odd-numbered subsequent occurrences) and then back to little-endian (all even-numbered subsequent occurrences), where the original usage (which switched away from contextless default or non-little-endian interpretation) is counted as the zeroth usage. This function is an involution (at least after the original usage). It terminates with the closing of the scope of {li}, the usage of a brivla or gadri or {du} (or similar) or {boi}, or the overarching specification for the text (iff used therein); it does span across (not terminate with) VUhU and the like. For now, it really should not be used twice within the same numeric string/macrodigit. Notice that exactly "kau'ai pa re ci" means "three hundred twenty-one" because there is only one macrodigit (so, its remaining big-endian, assuming contextless default, is inconsequential), but its microdigits have become little-endian. See also: {kau'au}.
kau'au [experimental]
KAUhAI
Macrodigit-spanning endianness binary-toggle.
Switches the endianness of the macrodigits in all subsequent numeric strings (during their interpretation phase) from big-endian to little-endian or vice-versa; the internal structure (microdigit interpretation) of each macrodigit is not affected. So, for example, in the context of specifying a month of the year and a day of the month, exactly "kau'au pa re pi'e pa no" is in little-endian mode for exactly its macrodigits and means only the twelfth day of the tenth month (and not the twenty-first day of the first month, the tenth day of the twelfth month, the first day of the twenty-first month (if it existed), or anything else); meanwhile, exactly "kau'au kau'au pa re pi'e pa no" is big-endian for exactly its macrodigits and means only the tenth day of the twelfth month (and not the twenty-first day of the first month, the twelfth day of the tenth month, the first day of the twenty-first month (if it existed), or anything else). Without prior specification or context, Lojban assumes a big-endian setting (although such language is never explicitly used in the CLL), except for certain brivla (such as {detri}, currently); in such a case or in any case whatsoever other than having previously and still-actively and explicitly specified the little-endian interpretation, including bi-endian or middle-endian etc./vel sim. cases, the first active and explicit usage of this word (called the "original usage" here) switches the interpretation to little-endian; thereafter, each usage will toggle between big-endian (all odd-numbered subsequent occurrences) and then back to little-endian (all even-numbered subsequent occurrences), where the original usage (which switched away from contextless default or non-little-endian interpretation) is counted as the zeroth usage. This function is an involution (at least after the original usage). It terminates as {kau'ai} does: with the closing of the scope of {li}, the usage of a brivla or gadri or {du} (or the like) or {boi}, or the overarching specification for the text (iff used therein); it does span over (not terminate with) VUhU. For now, it really should not be used within the same numeric string. Notice that exactly "kau'au pa re ci" still means "one hundred twenty-three" because there is only one macrodigit (so, its now being little-endian is inconsequential) and its microdigits are still big-endian, assuming contextless default. See also: {kau'ai}.
kau'e [experimental]
KOhA1
pro-sumti: strong-memory something2/eidetic de/elephant thing2 (logically quantified existential, arbitrarily-long-scope pro-sumti)
The meaning is the same as {de} and it functions the same way except that any assignment/qualification placed upon it (except for quantification) is semantically retained throughout a discourse until {da'o} is uttered; it acts as though the scope (except for quantification that occurs outside of a POI-clause) of all previous usages are arbitrarily long, terminated only by {da'o} or the end of the discourse. User beware: usage is tricky. See also: {kau'a}, {kau'i}, {da'au}, {de}.
kau'i [experimental]
KOhA1
pro-sumti: strong-memory something3/eidetic di/elephant thing3 (logically quantified existential, arbitrarily-long-scope pro-sumti)
The meaning is the same as {di} and it functions the same way except that any assignment/qualification placed upon it (except for quantification) is semantically retained throughout a discourse until {da'o} is uttered; it acts as though the scope (except for quantification that occurs outside of a POI-clause) of all previous usages are arbitrarily long, terminated only by {da'o} or the end of the discourse. User beware: usage is tricky. See also: {kau'a}, {kau'e}, {da'au}, {di}.
kau'o [experimental]
PA5
generic algebra unit e_n
The structure/space in which it is being considered should be specified. Subscripts are expected. Used for octonions, sedenions, etc. Can also be used for R, C, or H. Works like {ka'o} (as a comma) and is isomorphic to it. See also: {ka'o}, {kai'o}, {kei'o}, {koi'o}.
kau'u [experimental]
KAUhU
Predicate to variable-binding binary quantifier. The first slot of the predicate must be a property.
Terminator: {te'u}. Semantically equivalent to {kai'i} but behaving syntactically as a quantifier, and therefore able to bind {da}, for example. If a kau'u-phrase is followed by a selbri or a poi-clause, the referents of the x1 or ke'a slot of those will be passed collectively to the x2 of the kau'u-predicate. A kau'u-phrase followed by a sumti other than a bindable variable ({da}…) will treat this latter as if it was a selbri «me [the sumti] me'u». Usage examples: «kau'u roldza da viska da» = «roldza fa lo ka ce'u viska ri» = «ro da viska da»; «kau'u kampu lo mlatu cu se tuple vo da» = «kampu lo mlatu fa lo ka ce'u se tuple vo da» = «ro lo mlatu cu se tuple vo da». See also {kai'i}.
ke
-kem-
KE
start grouping of tanru, etc; ... type of ... ; overrides normal tanru left grouping.
Cf. {ke'e}, {bo}.
ke'a
KOhA7
pro-sumti: relativized sumti (object of relative clause).
ke'ai [experimental]
KEhAI
Toggles to no grouping
rafsi -ked- The grouping of gismu/rafsi is left ambiguous. So with a statement like: ke'ai melbi cmalu nixli ckule or kedmlecmaxlicu'e it is unclear whether this is referring to a (((pretty little)girls)school), (pretty(little(girls(school))), etc. Overridden by ke'ei or ke'ei'a. (Applies only to next selbri.)
ke'au [experimental]
ZOhU
relative clause prenex: assigns a variable to the object of the relative clause
Works like {ce'ai}, but binds to {ke'a} rather than {ce'u}. lo broda poi ko'a ke'au brode ko'a = lo broda poi ke'a goi ko'a zo'u brode ko'a
ke'e
-kep-
-ke'e-
KEhE
elidable terminator: end of tanru left grouping override (usually elidable).
ke'e'ai [experimental]
Attaches all of the following words to the next explicitly mentioned sumti as seltau of that sumti or selbri which is explicitly marked with "cu" (under left-grouping by default).
Terminates with the explicit introduction of a sumti or "{cu}", or the end of the text, only; these markings must be explicit. It applies to that sumti or selbri (whichever comes first). Can be used in order to modify words like "{mi}" adjectivally, but might be able to even apply large structures like whole brivla as seltau to sumti if used properly.
ke'e'au [experimental]
KEhEhAU
terminates a JUhAU expression
Closes the right-hand (sumti-filling) scope of words belonging to selma'o JUhAU.
ke'ei [experimental]
KEhEI
Toggles to right grouping of tanru/lujvo.
rafsi -keb- "ke'ei'a" toggles back to left grouping. (Applies only to next selbri.)
ke'ei'a [experimental]
KEhEIhA
Toggles to left grouping of tanru.
rafsi -kex- Toggles back to left grouping after ke'ei toggles right grouping or ke'ai toggles to no grouping.
ke'e'u [experimental]
KEhEhU
Locks tanru modification order reversal (does not affect lujvo). {ke'e'unai} restores regular order
Makes all tanru in the following text "selskiski"/"military-style": i.e. {tertau} come *before* {seltau}. This essentially puts {ke'oi} before every tanru. // This is an experimental cmavo in the truest sense of the word, used to test out "what if" Lojban chose "noun-adjective" order, which does have several advantages (chief of them being that the selbri-unit that describes the subject is uttered first), despite being unusual for English speakers.
ke'i
GAhO
open interval bracket marker; modifies intervals in non-logical connectives; exclude boundaries.
kei
-kez-
KEI
elidable terminator: end abstraction bridi (often elidable).
kei'ai [experimental]
PEhO
mekso style converter: elementwise application of operator
Prefixed to an operator/function that operates on numbers, thereby transforming it into a set operator (thus its arguments must be sets where before they were numbers), as defined in a given structure; the result is a function of the same arity. Produces the set of all numbers that are given by some ordered tuple of elements (the nth term of which belongs to the nth set specified, for all n) with the operator acting on them/the tuple (per the rules of that operator). The set produced may include empty terms and/or infinity. Let "@" represent the operator and "x_i" represent a set for all i; then x_1 kei'ai @ x_2 boi x_3 boi x_4 boi \\dots = Set(@(t_1, t_2, t_3, t_4, \\dots): t_i in x_i for all i); the ordered Cartesian product of the operands of 'kei'ai @' must be a subset of the domain set of '@'. If f is unitary and we convert it to a set operator 'kei'ai f' = F, then for any good set A, F(A) = \\operatorname{img}_f (A), which is the image of A under the function/map f. See also {kei'au} for a similar but different word.
kei'au [experimental]
KEIhAU
mekso operator: finite result set derived from/on set A with/due to operator/function B under ordering of application C
Equivalent to: lo'i li zy du ca'e li pe'o se'au mau'au B zai'ai vei ma'o xy boi ny ve'o boi tau sy boi C ku poi ke'a cmaci xanri zi'e poi ke'a mleca li ci'i zo'u tau sy klesi A. Acts on an operator/function (B) and produces all finite results of that operator being used on any allowable number of elements of the set A without repetition within any given application; the results cannot be used as operands unless they are in A, but they are still in the result set. In order to overcome this limitation, iteration can be used (else, this definition may need to be modified). The result must be defined (and finite, obviously). Application of the operator on nothing (the elements of the empty set) is generically allowed and follows convention (for example, an empty sum may evaluate to 0). Differs from {kei'ai}. Use {mau'au} and {zai'ai} for quoting B. C will be specified explicitly (possibly elsewhere) and/or via {zoi'ai}.
kei'ei [experimental]
PA2
digit/number: hex digit E (decimal 14) [fourteen].
Used as an alternative to {rei}/{xei} due to unique consonant. Useful in crowded situations. Experimental rafsi: -kim-
kei'i [experimental]
KEIhI
non-logical connective/mekso operator - of arity only 1 xor 2: set (absolute) complement, or set exclusion (relative complement). Unary: X_2 ^{C}; binary: {X_1}\\setminus{X_2}.
Each input must be a set or similar. The definition of the binary case expands to "the set of exactly those elements which are in X_1 but not in X_2". This word and operator has ordered input: 'X_1 kei'i X_2' is not generally equivalent to 'X_2 kei'i X_1'; in other words, the operator is not commutative. If unary (meaning that X_1 is not explicitly specified in a hypothetical expression "{X_1}\\setminus{X_2}"), then X_1 is taken to be some universal set O in/of the discourse (of which all other mentioned or relevantly formable sets are subsets, at the least); in this latter case, the word operates as the set (absolute) complement of the explicitly mentioned set here designated as X_2 for clarity (id est: the output is O\\setminus{X_2}={X_2}^{C}, where "^{C}" denotes the set absolute complement; in other words, it is the set of all elements which may be under consideration such that they are not elements of the explicitly specified set). When binary with both X_1 and X_2 explicitly specified, this word/operator is the set relative complement. This word is somewhat analogous to, depending on its arity, logical 'NOT' or 'AND NOT' (just as set intersection is analogous to logical 'AND', set union is analogous to logical '(AND/)OR' and set symmetric difference is analogous to 'XOR'). The preferred description/name in English is "set (theoretic) exclusion". See also: "{kleivmu}". For reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_(set_theory) .
kei'o [experimental]
PA5
quaternion j
Works like {ka'o} (as a comma) and is isomorphic to it. See also: {ka'o}, {kai'o}, {koi'o}, {kau'o}.
ke'o
COI
vocative: please repeat.
ke'o'a [experimental]
COI
vocative: please repeat in simpler words.
ke'oi [experimental]
KE
reverses modification order of contained tanru (does not affect lujvo).
Marks a "selskiski"/"military-style"/"noun-adjective" tanru, i.e. {tertau} come *before* {seltau}. This differs from {co} in that it does not affect the place structure of the sumti to the right; i.e. in {mi ke'oi broda brode do} (= {mi brode broda do}), both {mi} and {do} are arguments of {broda}. Default grouping is still left: {lo ke'oi ckule nixli cmalu melbi} resolves to {lo ke'oi (((ckule nixli) cmalu) melbi)}, which is equivalent to {lo melbi ke cmalu ke nixli ckule}. {co} does not (re-)reverse the order of tanru-modification; it only changes place structure. See {ke'e'u}.
ke'o'o [experimental]
COI
vocative: please repeat more slowly / more clearly enunciated.
ke'o'u [experimental]
COI
vocative: please repeat in a language I understand better.
ke'u
UI3
discursive: repeating - continuing.
See also {refbasna}, {krefu}, {rapli}, {velde'a}.
ke'u'i [experimental]
KEhUhI
accepts number (n) after: repeat last sumti up to n times
"lo pa plise (ku) ke'u'i ci" = "lo pa plise (ku) lo pa plise (ku) lo pa plise (ku)". Mostly for mathematical brivla, e.g. {konkatena}, {lairsume}, {sumji} (proposed to accept arbitrary number of places).
ke'unai
UI*3
discursive: repeating - continuing.
ki
KI
tense/modal: set/use tense default; establishes new open scope space/time/modal reference base.
ki'a
UI6
attitudinal question: confusion about something said.
See also {cfipu}, {kucli}.
ki'a'au'u'au'i [experimental]
UI6
attitudinal question: metalinguistic confusion caused by too many experimental cmavo
See {ki'a}, {ci'au'u'au'i}
ki'ai [experimental]
COI2
Converts following selbri, cmevla, or zoi-quote into a nonce interjection/attitudinal.
See {sa'ei}, {ci'oi}, {tai'i}. From {krixa}
ki'anai
UI*6
non-question: understanding of something said.
ki'au [experimental]
UI2
evidential: I reason - I think impulsively.
Can be used similar to krinu/ki'u in UI form.
ki'e
COI
vocative: thanks - no thanks to you.
ki'enai
COI*
vocative: thanks - no thanks to you.
ki'i
BAI
ckini modal, 1st place (related to) relatively; as a relation of ...
ki'o
PA3
digit/number: number comma; thousands.
ki'oi [experimental]
BAI
se kibzva modal, 1st place: at website/Internet resource...
Alternative to the common metaphoric use of {bu'u}. See {kibzva}, {kibystu}, {kibro}
ki'u
BAI
krinu modal, 1st place (justified by) justifiably; because of reason ...
ki'u ma
BAI*
sumti question asking for a rational explanation/justification; why?.
ki'unai
BAI*
na'e krinu modal, 1st place; regardless of
ko
KOhA3
pro-sumti: you (imperative); make it true for you, the listener.
ko'a
KOhA4
pro-sumti: he/she/it/they #1 (specified by goi).
ko'ai [experimental]
LOhOI
Creates a predicate abstraction sumti out of a full bridi clause, binding all the necessary lambda variables to the ko'a-ko'u pronoun series.
lo ka ce'u ce'u ce'u broda (ku) = ko'ai ko'a ko'e ko'i broda (ku'au). In the rare cases where more than five lambda variables are needed, {ko'a xi PA} might be used. Indicating the number N of lambda variables in forethought can be acheived with {ko'ai xi N}. See also {fo'ai}, {ce'ai}.
ko'au [experimental]
BAI
kosmu modal, 1st place with purpose...
See {seko'au}, {kosmu}, {tezu'e}, {tepi'o}, {tefi'e}, {ki'u}
ko'e
KOhA4
pro-sumti: he/she/it/they #2 (specified by goi).
ko'ei [experimental]
SE
converts the place structure of the following tanru-unit-2 into MINDE semantic frame
{mi} {ko'ei} {djica} {do} {lo} {ka} {klama} means 'I want you to come'. This particle works only for tanru-unit-2 that has as its primary child a predicate having the following fingerprint of its place structure: 'x_1 (entity), x_2 (event or proposition)'
ko'i
KOhA4
pro-sumti: he/she/it/they #3 (specified by goi).
koi
BAI
korbi modal, 1st place (bordered by) bounded by ...
koi'e [experimental]
TOIhE
UI-cmavo parenthesis/separator: start grouping
This word is intended to "separate" cmavo in a UI-clause; it can separate the UI-cmavo a {toi'e} parenthetical will attach to. For example, in (iuro'o toi'e uinai), (uinai) would attach to (iuro'o), while in (iu koi'e ro'o toi'e uinai), (uinai) would attach only to (ro'o). /It can also override the normal "priority order" of how attitudinal-modifiers like {ro'a} and {dai} affect each other; this order is currently ill-defined, however. /Elidable terminator: {toi'o}
koi'i [experimental]
LOhOI
create a binary relation abstraction sumti out of a full bridi clause, binding the two lambda variables to the {ko'i} and {ko'u} pronouns.
See also: {ko'ai}, {foi'i}, {fo'ai}, {ce'ai}, {ka}.
koi'o [experimental]
PA5
quaternion k
Works like {ka'o} (as a comma) and is isomorphic to it. See also: {ka'o}, {kai'o}, {kei'o}, {kau'o}.
kolon bu
bu-letteral
BY*
letteral: colon (letteral).
ko'o
KOhA4
pro-sumti: he/she/it/they #4 (specified by goi).
ko'o'au [experimental]
KOhA
Pro-sumti: references a following mentioned sumti, but which one is not specified.
Like "{ko'o'e}" except for the fact that the only possible referents are those sumti which (at some point) follow the usage of this word (regardless of whether they were mentioned previously). See also: "{ri'au}".
ko'o'e [experimental]
KOhA
Pro-sumti: references a previously mentioned sumti, but which one is not specified.
Like "{zo'e}", but its set of possible referents is restricted to only the set of all aforementioned sumti. This is useful in riddles, jokes, and other circumstances when revealing the exact referent is disadvantageous; also, it can be useful in translations of words like "it", "he", "she", and "they" when the translator is not sure of the original pronouns' referents. Each usage updates (meaning that distinct usages of this word can refer to mutually different sumti and any additional new sumti which appears between them can be a referent of the second but not the first "ko'o'e"). Pragmatically, the probability of sumti x being the intended referent decreases dramatically unless x was rather recently mentioned. See also: "{ri}", "{ko'a}", "{ko'o'au}".
ko'oi [experimental]
UI6
discursive: imperative/hortative
``{ko}'' is a short form of ''{do} {ko'oi}''; broader term than {au}, {a'o}, {e'o}, {e'u}, {e'a}, {ei}; {minde}, {cpedu}, {curmi}, {pacna}, {stidi}, {djica}, {bilga}
ko'o'o'o'o [experimental]
Y
meaningless chicken clucking
See also {cmoni}.
ko'u
KOhA4
pro-sumti: he/she/it/they #5 (specified by goi).
ku
KU
elidable terminator: end description, modal, or negator sumti; often elidable.
ku'a
-kuz-
JOI
non-logical connective: intersection of sets.
ku'ai [experimental]
BAI
ku'i modal: in contrast to...
Differs from {ku'i} in that it allows for more grammatical structures than UI. In particular, "se ku'ai" indicates that what has just been said is an exception to a general rule that is about to be stated, a syntax impossible with UI and roughly corresponding to the English "A (in contrast to B)" or "A, rather than B". Also corresponds to the dualism between {mu'a} (in UI) and {mu'u} (in BAI). See also: {ku'i}.
ku'ai'i [experimental]
GOhA
empty/vacuous selbri
Accepts arbitrarily many sumti and just acts so as to string them together as a list of nouns (they may of course be connected by cmavo of selma'o (J)A). The cardinality of its terbri is in any particular instance exactly the number of nouns explicitly uttered (no implicit "zo'e"s occur); therefore, ".{i} {zi'o} zi'o ... zi'o ku'ai'i .i", where there are n distinct occurrances of "zi'o" for nonnegative integer n, implies that that usage of "ku'ai'i" had exactly n sumti slots and, no matter what n is, the bridi as a whole is equivalent in meaning to 'actively' uttering silence/nothing; this is particularly true for n = 0. This word can be used for mottos: "loi krati .e lo ka se krali cu ku'ai'i" (= "Rights and Representation(!)"), "lo ka zifre .e lo ka dunli .e lo ka dibype'o cu ku'ai'i" (= "Liberte', E'galite', Fraternite' (!)", a motto of France), etc.
ku'au [experimental]
KUhAU
elidable terminator: end of LOhOI construct
ku'au'a [experimental]
VUhU
mekso (n+1)-ary operator: q-analog converter - the ath analog of b (quoted operator) applied to operands c, d, ...
Quote operator b with {mau'au} (and terminate it). The result is the q-analog of that operator (defined according to context if necessary), where q=a, which is then applied to operands of b in order (as defined for b).
ku'au'i [experimental]
COI
categorizer/hashtag
Differs from {sau'e'u} in that this word denotes the general body of subjects to which the discourse is related by focus. {sau'e'u} denotes the specific manifestation/substantiation of those topics in a given, indicated form. They are closely related, however; arguably, the real difference is the way in which the tagged subject relates to the utterance: does it point out the primary point of the message so that people know about what it is ({sau'e'u}), or does it indicate a general idea or event which has many possible conversations under its umbrella (this word; those specific conversations can be indicated by topicalization)? This is only one meaning of hashtags; other free modifiers can be used for other meanings.
ku'e
KUhE
elidable terminator: end mathematical (mex) forethought (Polish) expression; often elidable.
ku'ei [experimental]
KUhEI
Terminator for a CAhEI phrase.
ku'i
UI3b
discursive: however/but/in contrast.
See also {karbi}, {dukti}, {nalpanra}.
ku'i'a [experimental]
PA4
PA: blank/empty digit
If included in a digit string, the string is interpreted as if it were not present/uttered at all; in subscripts/indices, if it is the only thing mentioned, the subscript/index is deleted as the quantity becomes that which would be denoted by all higher/shallower/previous levels of indexing: t_{()} = t, t_{i_{()}} = t_i. On its own, it means the empty digit; a string of only this digit produces the empty digit string of the given length; once evaluated, any string of only this digit produces the empty number. This word is useful for answering questions or simplifyig notation and otherwise repetitious statements. For example: "li so pi'i papa du li so xo so ju'u dau" ("9*11 = 9?9") may be answered with this word (technically, any string of length at least 1 which consists only of this digit would work). This word, in appropriate contexts, may be a target interpretation of {xo'e} and/or {xo'ei}; explicit restriction so that the intended digit cannot equal this one would clarify.
ku'inai
UI*3b
discursive: in accordance with it; as expected
Used in order to draw conclusions in accordance with those statements which were said/uttered previously, as opposed to {ku'i} - 'in contrast'
ku'o
KUhO
elidable terminator: end NOI relative clause; always elidable, but preferred in complex clauses.
ku'o'e'a [experimental]
COI
quod erat demonstrandum, Q.E.D.
For use at the end of mathematical proofs in Lojban.
ku'oi [experimental]
KUhOI
Complex UI construct terminator (elidable).
Terminates the input scope (not the tagging scope) of members of selma'o ZUhEI.
ku'oi'u [experimental]
KUhOIhU
closing bracket/terminator for mekso expression interpretation modifiers
Acts as closing for {boi'au}, {boi'ai}, {boi'oi}.
ku'u
BAI
kulnu modal, 1st place in culture ...
ky
BY2
letteral for k.
ky.bu
bu-letteral
BY*
Letteral: “q” character
See https://lojban.github.io/cll/17/5/
ky'oi [experimental]
KYhOI
Number suffix initiating a subordinate clause representing a predicate whose arity is the suffixed number; the lambda variables representing the predicate slots are bound from the ko'a-ko'u series in their dictionary ordering; the number of bound variables is the same as the predicate arity.
For example, if the selected arity is two (re ky'oi), then only {ko'a} and {ko'e} are bound, and {ko'i} etc. are not bound. Terminator: {ku'au}.
ky'u [experimental]
UI3b
newsworthiness focus marker: indicates the most newsworthy part of the clause.
la
LA
name descriptor: the one(s) called ... ; takes name or selbri description.
la'a
UI3
discursive: probability - improbability.
See also {lakne}.
la'acu'i
UI*5
discursive: probability - possibility - improbability.
la'ai [experimental]
LOhU
otherwise lojbanic name, ending in a vowel; multiple names delimited by pauses.
Can be used to quote name(s) ending in consonants as well. See also {lai'e} of LAhE, {la'au} of LU and {la'o} of ZOI for naming cmavo.
la'anai
UI*3
discursive: probability - improbability.
la'au [experimental]
LU
start grammatical name quotation; the quoted text is an identifier and must be grammatical on its own.
Used to make more complex names where simple {la} doesn't apply, e.g. some book/song titles. Artibrary non-lojban text can be quoted with {la'o}. See also {lai'e} of LAhE, {la'ai} of LOhU and {la'o} of ZOI for naming cmavo.
la dontu'u
LE*
YouTube
Video hosting website. See {skina}, {gugle}
la'e
LAhE
the referent of (indirect pointer); uses the referent of a sumti as the desired sumti.
la'e'au [experimental]
LAhE
the specific referent of [following sumti] defined/specified by the grammar
The grammar in question can itself be specified by metalinguistic tags that apply to the utterance; if not explicitly specified, then a cultural assumption/default is applied. This word is useful for distinguishing between, for example, differentiating between something that the speaker happens to call "PEMDAS" and the order of operations PEMDAS (which, presumably, could be included in the grammar as a special word that influences mekso interpretation); likewise for a font that happens to be called ".{mekrot}." ("math blackboard bold") and the one that definitely refers to the set of characters used for, among other purposes, set notation.
la'edi'u
KOhA*
pro-sumti: the referent of the last utterance; the state described: "IT was fun".
la'ei [experimental]
LA
combines LA with DOI
used to address someone in the 2nd person by name and use that as a sumti at the same time, that is: {do} {doi} {la} {broda} is equivalent to la'ei {broda}
la'i
LA
name descriptor: the set of those named ... ; takes name or selbri description.
lai
LA
name descriptor: the mass of individual(s) named ... ; takes name or selbri description.
lai'a [experimental]
MAI
text scope alphabet specifier. Sets the alphabet used for spelling until changed.
Allows specifying which alphabet is assumed when spelling across an entire passage. Used with {zai} or, e.g. {lo'a} (the etymological inspiration) to make it so that that alphabet is the default. For example, «zai zbalermorna bu lai'a» would mean that zbalermorna is assumed for all letters.
lai'ai [experimental]
PA2
digit/number: hex digit F (decimal 15) [fifteen].
Used as an alternative to {vai} due to unique consonant. Useful in crowded situations. Experimental rafsi: -lav-
lai'e [experimental]
LAhE
Named reference. It converts a sumti into another sumti. The converted sumti points to the referent the name of which is the referent of the unconverted sumti.
``lai'e ko'a''=``zo'e noi se cmene ko'a''. {lai'e} is a cmavo of LAhE, and followed by any sumti including ``lo se du'u BRIDI'', ``zo...'', ``lu...li'u'', ``lo'u...le'u'' or ``zoi...'', used with an elidable terminater {lu'u}. For example, ``lai'e lo se du'u ti brife doi la betis'' refers to something the name of which is a text in a language that means ``ti brife doi la betis'', while ``la'e lo se du'u ti brife doi la betis'' refers to the same as ``lo du'u ti brife doi la betis''. The syntax of sumti following {lai'e} is analysed by the parser, while the syntax of strings following {la'ai} or {la'o} is ignored. In the cases that {lai'e} is followed by {lu}, {lo'u} or {zoi}, the referent is the same as that of sumti formed by {la'au}, {la'ai} or {la'o} respectively: ``lai'e lu ti brife doi la betis li'u (lu'u)''=``la'au ti brife doi la betis li'u''; ``lai'e lo'u se ly van beti le'u (lu'u)''=``la'ai se ly van beti le'u''; ``lai'e zoi zoi C'est le vent, Betty zoi (lu'u)''=``la'o zoi C'est le vent, Betty zoi''. See also {la'e}, {la}, {la'o}, {la'ai}, {la'au}; {lu'u}; {cmene}.
lai'i [experimental]
UI2
evidential: I experience - I deny experiencing
See {lifri}, {kai'e}, {vei'i}. Split from {ba'a} so that it can be properly negated with {nai} or questioned with {pei}
lai'u [experimental]
LA
descriptive descriptor: the one described with description …
la'o
ZOI
delimited non-Lojban name; the resulting quote sumti is treated as a name.
la'oi [experimental]
ZOhOI
single-word non-Lojban name; quotes a single non-Lojban word delimited by pauses and treats it as a name
See also {la'o}, {zo'oi}.
la pa da
the One
Used for instance in Djemynai's song "za'o darno".
la su'oda
name: "Someone", aka "the god of lazy people", used when the speaker is pushing responsibility to someone else unspecified
Synonymous to la .{samyuan}. Also {la dzapre}.
la'u
BAI
klani modal, 1st place (amount) quantifying ...; being a quantity of ...
lau
LAU
2-word letteral/shift: punctuation mark or special symbol follows.
lau'au [experimental]
VUhU
mekso unary operator: for input X, this outputs X/(1+X).
Can be used in order to convert statistical odds of event A to the probability of event A under the same assumptions. Other uses are, of course, possible. The inverse function converts probability p to odds; in other words, for input p, the inverse of this word outputs p/(1 - p).
lau'e [experimental]
KOhA2
pronoun: the referent of the following utterance
Equivalent to {la'e} {di'e}, by analogy with {lau'u}
la'u ma
BAI*
sumti question asking for a quantity; how many?.
lau'u [experimental]
KOhA2
pronoun: the referent of the preceding utterance
Equivalent to {la'edi'u}. See also {go'i}
le
LE
non-veridical descriptor: the one(s) described as ...
le'a
BAI
klesi modal, 1st place (scalar set) in/of category ...
le'ai [experimental]
LEhAI
replace recent mistakenly uttered text
The {lo'ai} ... {sa'ai} ... {le'ai} replacement construct asks the listener to replace the text after {lo'ai} with the text after {sa'ai}. The order {sa'ai} ... {lo'ai} ... {le'ai} is also allowed, and either or both parts can be omitted and thus left up to context. When both parts are omitted, the word {le'ai} on its own indicates that a mistake was made while leaving all the details up to context. It is also possible to attach SAI to a le'ai construct: le'ai {dai} (or le'ai {da'oi} ko'a) indicates that someone else made a mistake; le'ai {pei} asks whether someone else made a mistake; and {sai}, {ru'e} and {cu'i} can be used to indicate the importance of the substitution. Furthermore, le'ai {nai} can be used to explicitly deny mistakes instead of acknowledging them (compare "sic").
le'au [experimental]
SEI
Start property which sets the meaning of {le} in the surrounding text.
ledo
LE*
possessive/associative descriptor: the one(s) described as, of yours.
le'e
-lem-
LE
non-veridical descriptor: the stereotype of those described as ...
le'ei [experimental]
LE
article: "the thing(s) I have in mind and which I believe appear(s) to you to be…"
Loglan version of "{le}".
le go'i
KOhA*
description pro-sumti: reuses the value of the x_1 of the previous bridi.
le'i
LE
non-veridical descriptor: the set of those described as ..., treated as a set.
lei
LE
non-veridical descriptor: the mass of individual(s) described as ...
lei'e [experimental]
LE
anaphoric mass gadri: start a description of a mass/group/constituency mentioned earlier in the text/conversation, viewed as a whole
Part of the "gadganzu proposal" for the article system.
lei'i [experimental]
LE
demonstrative mass gadri; start a definite description that refers to a mass/group/constituency in the shared frame-of-reference, viewed as a whole
Part of the "gadganzu proposal" for the article system.
lei'o [experimental]
MOI
x_1 is PA months in duration by standard x_2.
Example "pu lo re lei'o" meaning "two months ago". See also {masti}, {lunra}, {nei'o}, {jei'o}, {doi'e}, {coi'e}, {moi'e}, {soi'e}, {cei'a}.
le jaica
LE*
description: marks description extracting the time tense place of the description bridi.
le jaigau
LE*
description: marks description extracting the agentive place of the description selbri.
le jaivi
LE*
description: marks description extracting the location place of the description bridi.
leko'a
LE*
possessive/associative descriptor: the one(s) described as, of it-1's.
lemi
LE*
possessive/associative descriptor: the one(s) described as, of mine.
lenu
LE*
specific event descriptor: contraction of {le nu} and identical in meaning.
Added because beginners often search for {lenu} without realizing that it is the same as {le} {nu} and getting confused.
le'o
UI5
attitudinal modifier: aggressive - passive - defensive.
See also {gunta}, {bandu}.
le'ocu'i
UI*5
attitudinal modifier: aggressive - passive - defensive.
le'onai
UI*5
attitudinal modifier: aggressive - passive - defensive.
le sego'i
KOhA*
description pro-sumti: reuses the value of the x_2 of the previous bridi.
leta
LE*
possessive/associative descriptor: nearby demonstrative possessive; cannot use for 'THAT ...'.
le tego'i
KOhA*
description pro-sumti: reuses the value of the x_3 of the previous bridi.
leti
LE*
possessive/associative descriptor: immediate demonstrative possessive; cannot use for 'THIS ...'.
letu
LE*
possessive/associative descriptor: distant demonstrative possessive.
le'u
LEhU
end quote of questionable or out-of-context text; not elidable.
leva
LE*
located descriptor: descriptive that-there (non-demonstrative).
le vego'i
KOhA*
description pro-sumti: reuses the value of the x_4 of the previous bridi.
levi
LE*
located descriptor: descriptive this-here (non-demonstrative).
levu
LE*
located descriptor: descriptive that-yonder (non-demonstrative).
le xego'i
KOhA*
description pro-sumti: reuses the value of the x_5 of the previous bridi.
li
LI
the number/evaluated expression; convert number/operand/evaluated math expression to sumti.
li'a
UI3
discursive: clearly - obscurely.
See also {klina}.
li'ai [experimental]
LI
unevaluated mekso as name.
Where "la broda brode" is to "la'e lu broda brode" as "li'ai by cy" is to "la'e me'o by cy". See also {li}, {me'o}, {la}, {la'e}.
li'anai
UI*3
discursive: clearly - obscurely.
li'au [experimental]
LIhAU
terminator of selma'o LUhEI
See also {lu'ei}, {li'u} and {me'u}.
li'e
BAI
lidne modal, 1st place preceded by ...; non-time sequencing.
li'ei [experimental]
LIhEI
arbitrary character string or irregular number
Accepts any arbitrary string of BY, bu-letterals, PA. Elidable terminator: {lo'o}. See {li'ai}, {me'o}, {mo'e}, {li}. [Tentative proposal: {li'ei} = {li} {pe'o} {joi'i} / {me'o} {pe'o} {joi'i}]
li'ei'au [experimental]
ternary mekso operator: retrieves/gets/outputs the X_2th entry/term from ordered list X_1 under indexing rules X_3.
If X_2 is an integer such that, according to X_3, X_2 is inclusively between the least index and the greatest index of X_1, then this word outputs the X_2th entry. If X_2 is a set, then the outputs is the ordered list such that each entry thereof is some entry of X_1 such that its index in X_1 according to X_3 belongs to X_2; the output list is reindexed (so that the jth entry thereof has index j, where j is a positive integer).
li'i
-liz-
NU
abstractor: experience abstractor; x_1 is x_2's experience of [bridi] (participant or observer).
li'i'e [experimental]
BAI
lisri modal, 1st place: in/belonging to/of/from story...
Of a character, location, event, etc.; something which exists in the universe of the story.
li'i ze'ei ka
NU*
abstractor: experience of being: x_1 is x_2's experience of being [bridi] (property of x_2; with {ce'u} referring to x_2's position)
= {li'imdu} {be} {lo} {ka}. See {li'i}, {ze'ei}, {li'i ze'ei nu}
li'i ze'ei nu
NU*
abstractor: experience of event: x_1 is x_2's experience of observing or participating in [bridi] (event)
= {li'imdu} {be} {lo} {nu}. See {li'i}, {ze'ei}, {li'i ze'ei ka}
li'o
UI3a
discursive: omitted text (quoted material).
li'oi [experimental]
UI3a
marks word/construct as being optional, i.e. the bridi would still be both grammatical AND reflect the speakers opinion/intention would the marked construct be left out
{coi} {fu'e} {li'oi} {la} {fu'o} {selpa'i} would semantically expand to {coi} {la} {selpa'i} and {coi} {selpa'i} meaning that both a person named {selpa'i} and a beloved one is being greeted (both being the same person).
li'u
LIhU
elidable terminator: end grammatical quotation; seldom elidable except at end of text.
lo
LE
descriptor: the one, which (is / does) ... / those, which (are / do) ...
Terminated with {ku}. Under the xorlo reform, {lo} converts a selbri to a sumti in a generic way. In particular, lo broda = {zo'e} noi broda.
lo'a
BY1
shift letterals to Lojban (Roman) alphabet.
lo'ai [experimental]
LOhAI
start quote of recent mistakenly uttered text to be replaced
See {le'ai}.
lo'au [experimental]
LE
presuppositional definite article: the …; the thing(s) which …
Post-Xorlo {lo}. Refers collectively to all the things satisfying the description within the universe of discourse. These things are presupposed to exist. «lo'au PA broda» = «lo'au broda noi PA mei». «lo'au broda cu brode» = «su'oi da poi ge ke'a broda gi ro'oi de go broda gi me ke'a cu brode», with topmost/presuppositional scope for the {su'oi} quantifier (i.e. it goes before everything else in the prenex of the topmost clause, or more accurately in a separate hidden sentence for the presupposition of the existance of «lo'au broda» to work when the sentence is a question or a command, for example).
lo'e
-lom-
LE
veridical descriptor: the typical one(s) who really is(are) ...
lo'i
LE
veridical descriptor: the set of those that really are ..., treated as a set.
loi
LE
veridical descriptor: the mass of individual(s) that is(are) ...
loi'a [experimental]
LE
generic essentialistic article: «loi'a broda cu brode» = a broda typically is/does brode; being/doing brode is a typical trait of broda-hood.
loi'e [experimental]
LE
generalized mass gadri; start a description of a generalization of some mass/group/constituency viewed as a whole
Part of the "gadganzu proposal" for the article system. http://mw.lojban.org/papri/zipcpi:_Yet_another_gadri_article
loi'i [experimental]
LE
essentialist mass gadri; start a description of an essential characterization of some mass/group/constituency viewed as a whole
Part of the "gadganzu proposal" for the article system.
lonu
LE*
event descriptor: contraction of {lo nu} and identical in meaning.
Added because beginners often search for {lonu} without realizing that it is the same as {lo} {nu} and getting confused.
lo'o
LOhO
elidable terminator: end math express.(mex) sumti; end mex-to-sumti conversion; usually elidable.
lo'oi [experimental]
LOhOI
Description clause: create a sumti from the enclosed bridi, describing the referent of the created sumti as filling the bridi place filled with {ke'a}.
Notes: Full-bridi equivalent of {lo}. Terminator: {ku'au}.
lo'o'o [experimental]
LE
plural logic maximum-scope descriptor: those who individually or collectively are ...
By default has no outer and inner quantifiers thus without an outer quantifier is not affected by the scope of outer quantifiers of other 'sumti-5' constructs that are children of 'sumti' constructs (only direct hierarchy 'sumti => sumti-1 => sumti-2 => sumti-3 => sumti-4 => sumti-5' is taken into account) at the same layer of formal grammar hierarchy as the 'sumti' construct, of which the current {lo'o'o} is a child. Nor is it affected by the scope of other direct children of 'term' rule (sumti | (tag | FA #) (sumti | /KU#/) | termset | NA KU # ). {lo'o'o} {gerku} {cu} {citka} can mean both 'Dogs eat collectively' and 'Each dog eats'. Under xorlo reform equal to {lo}.
loroda
KOhA*
all the things (in our universe of discourse)
lo'u
LOhU
start questionable/out-of-context quote; text should be Lojban words, but needn't be grammatical.
Terminated by {le'u}.
lu
LU
start grammatical quotation; quoted text should be grammatical on its own.
lu'a
LAhE
the members of the set/components of the mass; converts another description type to individuals.
lu'au [experimental]
LAhE
Bridi to text conversion
Essentially equivalent to {se} in the context of a {se} {du'u}. Inverse of {du'au}; however note that this is not single-valued, while {du'au} (provided context) is single-valued. Hence "lu'au du'au" is a useful idiom for constructing a text which has the same basic meaning as another text but is not necessarily the same text.
lu bu
bu-letteral
BY*
pro-sumti: refers to the last complete {lu}-quotation
See {lu}. See also {de'u}, {de'e}, {nu bu}. Use "{me'o} lu bu" to refer to a quotation mark (").
lu'e
LAhE
the symbol for (indirect discourse); uses the symbol/word(s) for a sumti as the desired sumti.
lu'ei [experimental]
LUhEI
convert a grammatical quotation to a tanru unit; x_1 expresses/says the quoted text for audience x_2 via expressive medium x_3.
The terminator is {li'au}. It is neither grammatical nor logical that a fragment and a sentence are connected by a sentence conjunction like ``.i je'' or ``.i ba bo''. However, such an expression is common among non-Lojban texts. Selma'o {lu'ei} forms a tanru unit, and helps us to translate such an expression without losing logical aspect of Lojban. It is also useful in writing scenarios. See also {li'au}, {lu} and {me}. Example 1: lu'ei ki'u lo nu la'e di'u na se tarti mi'a noi cinfo ku'o lo tamsmi sei spuda li'au .i ba bo la cinfo fau lo nu banli plipe cu cecla vofli pagre lo vacri gi'e snura zvabi'o lo ragve (cited and modified from ``lo se manci te makfa pe la .oz.'' translated by la selpa'i.) Example 2: ko'a lu'ei u'i doi .maman. ko viska .i ta dasni cizra li'au i ko'e lu'ei .oi ko na degja'o .i ko smaji li'au
lu'i
LAhE
the set with members; converts another description type to a set of the members.
lu li'u
empty (grammatical) string/text/utterance
Not: empty word, empty symbol. See also: {zoi'ai'e}.
lu'o
LAhE
the mass composed of; converts another description type to a mass composed of the members.
lu'oi [experimental]
SE
selbri conversion: abstracts out a member of x_1 (set/group), moves old x_1 to the fai place
equivalent to x_1 {me} x_{fai} (other places left intact), but more concise. English 'I am among", 'I am one of'.
lu'u
LUhU
elidable terminator: end of sumti qualifiers; usually elidable except before a sumti.
ly
BY2
letteral for l.
ly'ei [experimental]
LE
exophoric article: the … I have in mind (identity not necessarily ascertainable from the context).
See also: {zy'oi}.
ma
KOhA7
pro-sumti: sumti question (what/who/how/why/etc.); appropriately fill in sumti blank.
ma'a
KOhA3
pro-sumti: me/we the speaker(s)/author(s) & you the listener(s) & others unspecified.
ma'au [experimental]
VUhU
Binary mekso operator: uniform probability A(X_2)u(X_1,X_2) for input (X_1,X_2) where X_1 is a number and X_2 is a set or space. (See notes for details).
Establish (elsewhere) a universal set/topological space O and equip it with a measure L; then X_1 must be an element of O, and X_2 must be a subset/subspace of O and will be equipped with/inherit the same measure L (restricted to it) and the appropriate topology. Let Y be the maximal non-discrete subset/subspace of X_2 (in other words, all non-discrete subsets/subspaces of X_2 are subsets/subspaces of Y). The term 'A' in the definition is a nonnegative-valued 'function' which is defined on the category of sets; it produces the proper normalization (by being the reciprocal of the integral of u over O with respect to L iff such is well-defined and finite and positive; otherwise, it is identically 0). The term 'u' in the definition is defined to be the sum of the indicator function (Kronecker delta) for Y (outputting 1 iff X_1 is an element Y, and outputting 0 otherwise) and the Dirac delta of: 1 minus the indicator function for the relative complement of Y in X_2 (id est: X_2 \\\\ Y); it should be noted that all functions mentioned are defined on all of O but have nonzero values according to only the previous description (in particular, u = 0 identically in O \\\\ X_2); the indicator functions directly are functions of the input X_1. See also: "{zdeltakronekre}", "{zdeltadirake}".
ma'a'u'oi [experimental]
GAhO
interval endpoint status question marker
Asks the audience to replace it with the correct member of GAhO for the scenario. See also: {xau'u'oi}.
ma'e
BAI
marji modal, 1st place material in object/substance ...
ma'i
BAI
manri modal, 1st place (by standard 2) in reference frame ...
mai
MAI
utterance ordinal suffix; converts a number to an ordinal, such as an item or paragraph number.
mai'a [experimental]
NA
Maybe, but not the desired answer
Like {mai'e} but without making the claim that the proffered answer is actually technically true/correct.
mai'e [experimental]
NA
"True, but not the answer that I expected/desired"
Used when one asks a question (usually with {ma} or the like) and the response is technically correct but not the answer that the original asker was trying to get at/expected/desired/was looking for. In quick speech, this might just be said as "yes but no".
mai'e'e [experimental]
PA5
digit/number: Meissel-Mertens constant M ≈ 0.2614972128476427837554268386086958590516…
The limiting difference of the harmonic series summed over only the positive prime natural numbers less than or equal to n and the natural logarithm of the natural logarithm of n, as n -> ∞.
mai'i [experimental]
KOhA7
pro-sumti: the universal argument/value; syntactically-contextually and type-permitted maximally generic in its typing
It is a pro-sumti with a universal reference set (restricted to syntactically-demanded/appropriate type). Probably semantically maximally and generally elliptical/generic. Typing can be restricted by (possibly metalinguistic) restriction. See also: {zai'o} (pro-sumti; empty), {gai'o} (pro-bridi; empty), {cei'i} (pro-bridi; universal), {ctaipe}. Proposed by: lai .az. .e lai .krtisfranks.
mai'o [experimental]
LI2
turns number into pro-sumti: the abstraction described by the utterance denoted by that number and {mai}
E.g. {mai'o pa} refers to the events or statements described earlier with {pamai}. Use {lu'e} to refer to the text. See {goi'e}, {mai}
mai'u [experimental]
VUhU
unary mekso operator: signum function
Maps any positive number to 1; maps any negative number to -1. All other properties are purely by convention (including its behavior at 0 and in the complex plane). It should probably not be generalized to include the Levi-Civita symbol or other "sign" functions.
ma'o
MAhO
convert letteral string or other mathematical expression (mex) operand to mex operator.
ma'o'e [experimental]
VUhU
mathematical operator: vague/elliptical/general/generic operator
Arity is context-dependent. Properties and structure are context-dependent or vague. See also: {xo'e}, {zi'a'o}. Preferred over {ma'e'o}.
ma'oi [experimental]
ZO
selma'o quote; quotes a word (a cmavo) and uses it to name a selma'o.
The output is the selma'o to which the quoted cmavo belongs (according to the relevant frammar/standards/version); thus any cmavo in the same given selma'o could be used in order to reference that selma'o (not just the canonical cmavo works). Example: "ma'oi coi" is equivalent to COI, as is "ma'oi co'o". For the most part, this will ignore sub-selma'o classes (such as VUhU1 versus VUhU2; both would be treated as simply VUhU). See also: "{ra'oi}".
ma'oi'e [experimental]
ZO
Like "ma'oi" but outputs the officially-designated/canonical sub-selma'o (if any) to which the immediately following and quoted word (cmavo) belongs, otherwise outputting the whole relevant selma'o in fashion equivalent to "ma'oi".
Example: "ma'oi {vu'u}" = VUhU = "ma'oi {ne'o}"; but "ma'oi'e vu'u" = VUhU1 and "ma'oi'e ne'o" = VUhU3, which are mutually distinct and are not equivalent to VUhU itself. See also: "{ma'oi}".
ma'u
PA3
digit/number: plus sign; positive number; default any positive.
mau
BAI
zmadu modal, 1st place (a greater) exceeded by ... ; usually a sumti modifier.
mau'a [experimental]
LOhOI
shortening of {lo du'u ma kau *bridi*}, with {ce'u} bound to {ma kau}
mau'au [experimental]
MAUhAU
mekso: conversion of operator/function to operand
Must be followed by a function (meaning "f", not "f(x)" (which is a number)) or operator (such as "+"). Treats it formally and syntactically as a number so that it can be operated upon, such as by {se'au} or by a functional/operator (technical sense). Terminated by {zai'ai}; the pair essentially act as mathematical quotation marks. Also works on connectives and {kei'i}. Expressions may be complicated (such as with SE, NA, NAI, etc. modifying the string); perhaps one may even find a use for quoting relations (such as equality or element-hood) and/or some brivla or other cmavo. See also: {kei'au}.
mau'e [experimental]
MAUhE
UI conversion start quote; converts grammatical Lojban text to cmavo of selma'o UI
Internal text/utterance must be grammatical and Lojbanic; output is some unspecified emotion relating to/specific to/associated with the referent of quoted text. The construct as a whole operates/behaves as UI. See also: {mau'o}.
mau'i [experimental]
CAI2
attitudinal: stronger intensity attitudinal relativizer
Specifies a stronger intensity - relative to any previously specified intensity of the same UI/cmavo. CAI2 after CAI specifies an absolute intensity - but the CAI2 specifies the relative shift from the regular value. CAI after CAI2 specifies an relative value - and the CAI denotes the relative amount interval size. See also {me'ai}, {dau'i}, {sai}
mau'o [experimental]
MAUhO
UI conversion end quote (elidable terminator); converts grammatical Lojban text to cmavo of selma'o UI
Internal text/utterance must be grammatical and Lojbanic; output is some unspecified emotion relating to/specific to/associated with the referent of quoted text. The construct as a whole operates/behaves as UI. See also: {mau'e}.
mau'u [experimental]
UI1
savoring/focusing and attempting to retain feelings of strong satisfaction - trying to escape intense dissatisfaction
'Mmm...'
me
ME
convert sumti to selbri/tanru element; x_1 is specific to [sumti] in aspect x_2.
me'a
BAI
mleca modal, 1st place (a lesser) undercut by ... ; usually a sumti modifier.
me'ai [experimental]
CAI2
attitudinal: weaker intensity attitudinal relativizer
Specifies a weaker intensity - relative to any previously specified intensity of the same UI/cmavo. See also {mau'i}, {dau'i}, {ru'e}
me'au [experimental]
ME
Convert abstract predicate sumti back to predicate
Has an inverse: {me'ei}. Essentially synonymous with {ckaji}. Differences: ckaji2 is unary whereas the me'au-predicate can have any arity; me'au is in ME.
medomoi
x_1 is yours among x_2 by rule/relationship x_3; x_1 is your x_2 by rule/relationship x_3.
me'e
BAI
cmene modal, 1st place (requires quote) with name ...; so-called ...
me'ei [experimental]
LE
Article for abstract predicate sumti. Turns a selbri into an abstraction with all open places filled by {ce'u}.
Has an inverse: {me'au}
me'ei'o [experimental]
VUhU
mekso n-ary operator: interleave sequences
Given the ordered input of m sequences a_i wherein the jth term is a_(i,j), the output is a sequence z with the nth term z_n = a_(n % m, 1 + (n - n % m)/m), where "n % m" is the remainder of division/modulus of n by m.
me'e ma
BAI*
sumti question asking for a name; who?; requires quoted name as an answer.
me'i
PA3
digit/number: less than.
mei
-mem-
-mei-
MOI
convert number to cardinality selbri; x_1 is a mass formed from a set x_2 of n members, one or more of which is/are x_3, measured relative to the set x_4.
[x_1 is a mass with N components x_3 composing set x_2; x_2 is an n-tuple (x_2 is completely specified) (= {selmei} for reordered places); x_1 forms an n-some; x_3 (not necessarily a complete enumeration) are among the members of x_2); See also {cmima}, {gunma}, cmavo list {moi}.
mei'a [experimental]
PA4
digit/number: arbitrarily small/lesser/diminished/few (finite and nonzero but otherwise as small as desired).
No assumption about signum; the above definition is given in absolute value terms. In other words, the typical meaning of "arbitrarily and positively small" is "{ma'umei'a}", meanwhile "arbitarily small in absolute value but negative" is given by "{ni'umei'a}". See also: {zau'u}.
mei'e [experimental]
MEIhE
Accepts any number of sumti and turns them into a selbri-unit that means "x_1 is among the referents of these sumti".
See {me}, {menre}, {cmima}. Elidable terminator: {mei'o}
mei'i [experimental]
MOI
convert number to cardinality selbri: x_1 is/are [number] in number; there is/are [number] things among x_1.
This definition assumes Xorlo plural variables semantics. See also {mei}.
mei'o [experimental]
MEIhO
Elidable terminator for selma'o MEIhE (which turns any number of sumti into a selbri-unit)
Needed to close a MEIhE expression to resume adding sumti to the parent bridi.
mei'u [experimental]
ME
converts sumti into selbri: x_1 is [that sumti]'s, among x_2, by relationship x_3 (binary ka).
A replacement for «me SUMTI moi», but without the hack. See {me}, {moi}, {memimoi}.
me'o
LI
the mathematical expression (unevaluated); convert unevaluated mathematical expression to sumti.
me'oi [experimental]
MEhOI
non-Lojban brivla
Quick way to borrow foreign words into Lojban. Also known as "stage-0 fu'ivla". Equivalent to {me'au} {la'e} {zo'oi}. See {mu'oi}.
me'u
MEhU
elidable terminator: end sumti that was converted to selbri; usually elidable.
mi
-mib-
KOhA3
pro-sumti: me/we the speaker(s)/author(s); identified by self-vocative.
mi'a
KOhA3
pro-sumti: me/we the speaker(s)/author(s) & others unspecified, but not you, the listener.
mi'ai [experimental]
KOhA3
we; several people including one of the speakers; I (the speaker) and at least one another person (even if that person is one of the speakers too)
English "we". {mi'a}, {mi'o} and {ma'a} are more specific cases of {mi'ai}.
mi'au [experimental]
UI1
attitudinal: meow, miaow
See also {sa'ei}.
mi'e
COI
self vocative: self-introduction - denial of identity; identifies speaker.
mi'enai
COI*
self vocative: self-introduction - denial of identity; denies identity of speaker.
mi'i
BIhI
non-logical interval connective: ordered components: ... center, ... range surrounding center.
mi'i'au [experimental]
PA
digit/number: interval/range indicator for significant digits (determined by midpoint).
Given a well-formed digit string "x_{n} x_{n-1} ... x_{m} mi'i'au x_{m-1} x_{m-2} ...", where (a) "x_i" is a member of selma'o PA (other than this word or similar words; including at most one instance of "{pi}") for all i, and (b) the string represents^{*_1} a finite number in base-b (taken to be ten by cultural convention in most human cases unless explicitly specified otherwise), the usage of this word in the aforementioned digit string yields an output of the interval (\\sum_{i = 0}^{\\infty}{(x_{n-i} b^{n-i})} - b^{m}, \\, \\sum_{i = 0}^{\\infty}{(x_{n-i} b^{n-i})} + b^{m}), after adjusting for "x_k" in the original string being "{pi}" or "{pi'e}" vel sim. for at least one k (because that does not work in the summation notation without adjustment); notice the single minus sign in the expression which forms the lesser (left) endpoint; notice the placement of the comma in the interval, and the endpoint clusivity thereof (both endpoints are excluded), as well. Therefore, using/under the aforementioned notation and assumptions and specifications, usage of this word in "x_{n} x_{n-1} ... x_{m} mi'i'au x_{m-1} x_{m-2} ..." outputs an interval which is equivalent to the evaluation of/interval referenced by "eval("x_{n} x_{n-1} ... x_{m} x_{m-1} x_{m-2} ...") {ga'o} {mi'i} {ke'i} b^{m}". Importantly, usage of this word generates an interval, not a specific number (even if such would be elliptical or vague) - meaning, among other things, that equality to such an expression would be set equality, and not numeric equality. Note that the interval which is generated excludes both endpoints but includes the center (which is the number specified by the string with this word ignored in/removed from it). As an example, where "M" represents this word: "2M000" yields (1000, 3000); meanwhile, "20M00" yields (1900, 2100); also, "19M69" yields (1869, 2069); likewise, "1.2M3" yields (1.13, 1.33). This word/function is useful for dates (example: "the mid-2000s" or "the period of two centuries which is centered on the year 1900"), ages (example: "they are in their mid-twenties", "they are older teens or young adults (fifteen to twenty-five years of age)", or "they are in their middle adult years (thirties or forties)"), or any estimate wherein the midpoint/expected value/average is known. The interval which is generated is a complete (math jargon) subset of the real numbers - there are no gaps and, in particular, the interval is not discrete (for example: it is not restricted to only the integers). Note that this word does not yield an interval of an arbitrary radius; use "{mi'i}" for that. Use a construct similar to "there exists a t in (the interval) {re} {mu} mi'i'au such that their age is measured to be (approximately) t in years" in order to express "they are in their mid-twenties (approximately 24 years old to 26 years old)"; the full English expression is wordy, but Lojban can make it concise in translation. See also: "{mi'i}", "{bi'oi'au}", "{su'ai}". (Footnote #1: this entire commentary section assumes that the method of interpretation is via a big-endian, traditional, unbalanced, positional, base-b numerical-representation system with b being an integer such that b > 1; however, the method of interpretation can be extended to other systems, such as p-adics or such as balanced integer or complex base-b systems, in natural and fairly self-evident ways, although no endeavor shall be made herein in order to do so and the assumptions about b and the method of interpretation should be as aforementioned, ignoring such possibilities for extension).
mi'o
KOhA3
pro-sumti: me/we the speaker(s)/author(s) & you the listener(s).
mi'oi [experimental]
KOhA3
inclusive we; includes the speaker (I) and the listener (you), but may or may not include others
May mean {mi'o} or {ma'a}, but never {mi'a}. Also see {mi'ai}.
mi'u
UI3b
discursive: ditto.
See also {mintu}.
mo
GOhA
pro-bridi: bridi/selbri/brivla question.
mo'a
-mob-
PA4
digit/number: too few; subjective.
mo'aroi
ROI*
tense interval modifier: too few times; objective tense; defaults as time tense.
mo'e
MOhE
convert sumti to mex operand; sample use in story arithmetic: [3 apples] + [3 apples] = what.
mo'i
-mov-
MOhI
mark motions in space-time.
moi
-mom-
-moi-
MOI
convert number to ordinal selbri; x_1 is (n)th member of set x_2 ordered by rule x_3.
moi'a [experimental]
LAhE
shortening of {lo du'u *sumti* mo kau}
mo'ibe'a
FAhA*
space motion tense: northwardly; to the north directional space motion.
mo'ibu'u
FAhA*
space motion tense: moving to coincide directional space motion.
mo'ica'u
FAhA*
space motion tense: forward directional space motion.
mo'idu'a
FAhA*
space motion tense: eastwardly; to the east directional space motion.
mo'idu'oi
FAhA*
space motion tense: clockwisely; to the clockwise angular-directional space motion.
See also: {mo'izu'au}
moi'e [experimental]
MOI
x_1 is PA minutes in duration by standard x_2.
Example "pu lo re moi'e" meaning "two minutes ago". See also {mentu}, {nei'o}, {lei'o}, {jei'o}, {doi'e}, {coi'e}, {soi'e}, {cei'a}.
mo'ifa'a
FAhA*
space motion tense: arriving at; arriving at a point directional space motion.
mo'iga'u
FAhA*
space motion tense: upwardly; upwards directional space motion.
moi'i [experimental]
UI2
evidential: I remember - I don't remember (fact ; that/whether something is true)
Differs from {vei'i} or {ba'anai} on being based on recollection of facts, not an experience. {moi'i} is to {morji} what {vei'i}/{ba'anai} is to {vedli}. Also see {moi'icu'i}
moi'icu'i
UI*2
evidential: if I remember correctly...
Used to indicate uncertainty of memory. See {moi'i}, {ju'ocu'i}
mo'ine'a
FAhA*
space motion tense: approximating; moving around the neighborhood of ... space motion.
mo'ine'i
FAhA*
space motion tense: moving into directional space motion.
mo'ine'u
FAhA*
space motion tense: southwardly; to the south directional space motion.
mo'ini'a
FAhA*
space motion tense: downwardly; downwards directional space motion.
moi'o [experimental]
MOI
x_1 is the PA-th date/time of unit x_2 (si'o) counting from x_3 (default: now) by calendar x_4
x_3 is the reference point in time (PA = {no}). The splicing method depends on x_4. For example, at 14:03 on 2014-11-14, the 0th day (x_2 = lo si'o {djedi}) from now is 11-14, the 0th century from now is the 21st century, the 0th month (x_2 = lo si'o {masti}) is November, the 0th afternoon is this afternoon (x_2 = lo si'o {donri}), the 0th night (x_2 = lo si'o {nicte}) refers to nothing (because this time-point is not in night).
moi'oi [experimental]
LE
interrogative mass gadri: "which group of..."; viewed and counted as a group
mo'ipa'o
FAhA*
space motion tense: passing through directional space motion.
mo'ire'o
FAhA*
space motion tense: along; along a path directional space motion.
mo'iri'u
FAhA*
space motion tense: rightwardly; to the right directional space motion.
mo'iru'u
FAhA*
space motion tense: orbiting; surrounding/annular directional space motion.
mo'ite'e
FAhA*
space motion tense: moving along the border directional space motion.
mo'iti'a
FAhA*
space motion tense: rearwardsly; rearwards directional space motion.
mo'ito'o
FAhA*
space motion tense: moving away from a point directional space motion.
moi'u [experimental]
MOI
x_1 is (n)th member of alphabet/set x_2 ordered by rule x_3, where the count begins at x_4.
Technically, if moi_2 is specified as a particular alphabet, then that word is equivalent to this one modulo moi'u_4; however, when no explicit and particular specification is given, "{moi}" can refer to a far larger set of possibilities whereas this word is meant specifically to encode the symbols in a character set/alphabet to numbers. Typically, n will be restricted to nonnegative integers; however, it may occasionally be useful to pretend that there were, for example, a fictitious letter halfway between "a" and "b" called "a.5" so to speak, so numbers which are not nonnegative integers are definitionally possible in principle for n; similarly, for n < x_4 or n > |x_2| + x_4 - 1, the output may be defined in any number of ways (such as by looping or beginning a new alphabet/extending x_2) or may not be defined/throw an error. An alphabet is any set of symbols (including the empty set) and is defined so as to include the terminology adopted in mathematics. Some alphabets may not normally/traditionally be laid out in one-dimensional order (rather, it may fall into multidimensional tables); in such cases, n may be an ordered tuple which indicates a particular symbol in the alphabet. When n = x_4, the output is the first (so to say) letter/element in the alphabet under the relevant ordering x_3. The symbols in the alphabet need not be lerfu and might even represent numbers (this is the distinction between the symbol/digit "4" and the number 4; the former represents but is not the latter).
mo'ivu'a
FAhA*
space motion tense: westwardly; to the west directional space motion.
mo'ize'o
FAhA*
space motion tense: outwardsly; outward directional space motion.
mo'izo'a
FAhA*
space motion tense: passing by a site directional space motion.
mo'izo'i
FAhA*
space motion tense: approaching directional space motion.
mo'izu'a
FAhA*
space motion tense: leftwardsly; to the left directional space motion.
mo'izu'au
FAhA*
space motion tense: counterclockwisely; to the counterclockwise angular-directional space motion.
See also: {mo'idu'oi}
mo'o
MAI
higher-order utterance ordinal suffix; converts a number to ordinal, usually a section/chapter.
mo'oi [experimental]
LE
interrogative gadri: "which"
Roughly equivalent to {ma} {noi}, but doesn't start a new bridi.
mo'u
ZAhO
interval event contour: at the natural ending point of ...; completive | >|<.
mu
-mum-
PA1
digit/number: 5 (digit) [five].
mu'a
UI3
discursive: for example - omitting - end examples.
See also {mupli}.
mu'acu'i
UI*3
discursive: for example - omitting - end examples.
mu'ai [experimental]
BAI
munje modal: 1st place; in universe...
May be {lo} {fatci}, or a universe-of-discourse, real or imagined. See {munje}, {li'i'e}, {xanri}, {da'inri}, {mu'ei}, {enzasti}, {enfasnu}, {va'o}, {ci'e}
mu'ai'au [experimental]
VUhU
mathematical/logical/mekso ternary operator: μ (mu) operator: outputs the most extreme extended-natural number that satisfies relationship/predicate A, where extremeness is bounded by B and of a version determined by C; error output is -1
A is a proposition; it will be a function of at least one variable. The output of this function will cause A to evaluate to true if plugged in as the primary (first) argument of A, except in the Error Case that is described later. C can only be -1 or 1; if C = 1, then extremeness here is defined as "least"; if C = -1, then extremeness here is defined as "greatest". If C = 1, then B is an upperbound; if C = -1, then B is a lowerbound. The contextless default value of C is 1. The contextless default value of B is sgn(C)*infinity (countable, in a sense). The output may be equal to B. The output belongs to the set of all positive integers united with the set of 0 and sgn(C)*infinity. Error Case: If no such number exists, the output is -1. Use A in order to restrict outputs from being pathological for your purposes. Example: Let C = 1 and suppose that there exists a number that satisfies A and is one of the following values: 0, a positive integer, (countable) infinity. Then the output of this function (id est: μ(A, B, 1); where "μ" represents the mu operator) is the least such number that is less than or equal to B. Note that in this example, the contextless default value of B is (countable) infinity.
mu'anai
UI*3
discursive: for example - omitting - end examples.
mu'au [experimental]
VUhU
unary mekso operator: measure of the complement; 1 - x_1.
x_1 is a real number between 0 and 1 (inclusive on both sides). Multiply by 2π radians, or the like, in order to handle angles.
mu'au'oi [experimental]
UI
Discursive: resuming/continuing example - start new example
This word (on its own) implicitly refers to a previously-defined example and then introduces an example which continues the context and all associations of the referenced example. If the format of an utterance is 'GeneralDescription_1 + Example_1 + GeneralDescription_2 + mu'au'oi Example_2', then this word will explicitly return to the context (including assumed conditions) of Example_1 and the following example (Example_2) should be interpreted as a resumption of the former; thus, the structure can be reordered as 'GeneralDescription_1 + GeneralDescription_2 + Example_1 + Example_2' according to logical structure and content, although the actual utterance will more closely tie Example_i to GeneralDescription_i for all i. Subscript this word in order to refer to specific earlier examples (each of which begins with either "{mu'a}" or "{mu'au'oinai}"); if the subscript is n: n>0, then this word counts forward from the beginning of the present text/conversation, finding the nth-uttered example therein; if n < 0, then this word counts back to the nth-most-recent example which was introduced (via the aforementioned means) in the present conversation; if the subscript is implicit (the default case), then n = -1, meaning that the most recent newly-introduced example is being referenced. Even though "{mu'a}" is generally ambiguous as to whether it is introducing a totally fresh example or a continuation of a previous one, for the purposes of the backcounting/referencing by this word, they each shall be treated as fresh examples (each with their own, sequential label/index). This word borrows the label/index of the example which it references; so, "mu'a A1 mu'a B1 mu'au'oi xi ni'u re A2 mu'au'oi (xi ni'u pa) B2" has B2 acting as a continuation of B1, even though the most recent example (new or continued) is A2.
mu'e
-muf-
NU1
abstractor: achievement (event) abstractor; x_1 is the event-as-a-point/achievement of [bridi].
mu'e'ei [experimental]
BAI
Specifies the universe of consideration/all possible referents (for the present discourse); specifies the universal set/class/structure.
The sumti of this word is strictly and exactly the maximal universe which qualifies; if it is unknown whether a restriction to universe U is generally sufficient but that it is indeed necessary, then use "{klesi} {be} U".
mu'ei [experimental]
ROI
Converts PA into tense; in [number (usually nonspecific)] possible worlds/alternate histories where [sumti (du'u)] is true
Includes what "may have happened" if the past were different from the actual past. See {ba'oi}
mu'i
BAI
mukti modal, 1st place because of motive ...
mu'i'ai [experimental]
PA5
digit/number: Hafner-Sarnak-McCurley coprime determinants limiting probability constant; h ≈ 0.3532363719…
The limiting probability of two n×n matrices have determinants that are coprime, as n -> ∞
mu'i ma
BAI*
sumti question asking for a motive; why?.
mu'inai
BAI*
na'e mukti modal, 1st place; regardless of motive ...
Cf. {na'e}, {mukti}.
mu'i'u [experimental]
PA
base-dependent digit: representing exactly one half of one more than the maximum possible single-digit number expressible in the relevant number base
Some pathologies are possible. For a non-balanced, fixed, positive, arithmetic base (such as standard binary, decimal, hexadecimal), this is half of the base (respectively: '1', '5', '8') - in other words, this word in this case (and if the base is even) is equivalent to "vei (vei) pano (ju'u ny ve'o) fe'i re ve'o {boi'ai}"; moreover, if the base is odd, then the result (the meaning of this word) is undefined generically at the current moment and is context- or convention-dependent. In measuring time of day, this word can mean six, twelve, thirty, etc., depending on context (and ignoring leap time-units). For the base-dependent digit for the maximum possible single-digit number expressible in the relevant number base, see {vu'ai}.
muki'o
PA*
number/quantity: 5,000 expressed with comma.
mumei
MOI*
quantifier selbri: convert 5 to cardinal selbri; x_1 is a set with the quintet of members x_2.
mumoi
MOI*
quantified selbri: convert 5 to ordinal selbri; x_1 is fifth among x_2 ordered by rule x_3.
muno
PA*
number/quantity: 50 [fifty].
munono
PA*
number/quantity: 500 [five hundred].
mu'o
COI
vocative: over (response OK) - more to come.
mu'oi [experimental]
MUhOI
delimited non-Lojban selbri-unit
Similar to {me'oi} but requires delimiters, to allow quotation of multiple words or words with glottal-stops. In other words, {me'oi}:{mu'oi} :: {zo'oi}:{zoi} :: {la'oi}:{la'o} . Equivalent to {me'au} {la'e} {zoi}.
mu'onai
COI*
vocative: over (response OK) - more to come.
mu'o'u [experimental]
MUhOhU
Marks an endpoint of a quote/string/expression and specifies that (relative to the original) the quote/string/expression so marked is complete, accurate, and well-portrayed by the quote/string/expression on the relevant side of the excerpt, including wrt all relevant information and when factoring in the content and context of the quotation-external discourse in which said quote/string/expression appears.
Must be adjacent to a quotation marker (including terminator or delimiter) or "{sedu'u}" or similar; it attaches to the/such a marker such that it is external to the scope of the quote/expression produced/contained/terminated by that marker. For example, in "lu mu'o'u lu coi li'u li'u mu'o'u", the first instance of this word attaches to the second "{lu}" (because it is inside the quotation produced by the first "lu") and the second instance of this word attaches to the second instance of "{li'u}"; it cannot appear adjacent to "{coi}" in this example and yet function in application to the expressed quotation markers because it would then be inside all of the available quotations (nested, in this case), although such is allowed as a pure string (because being able to quote an expression such as "He did say "mu'o'u"" is utile). In a quotation (such as a "lu"-"li'u" quotation) with two markers (initiation and termination), even if one of them is implicit: if this word appears before the quote (at its initiation), then it means that there is no relevant and material information preceding the original version of the presented quote which would drastically alter its interpretation (for example: if the original is "not big", then "big" is technically a quote/substring thereof but there is information prior to this substring which materially alters the interpretation, namely "not"; likewise, cutting out the subject of a sentence which is being quoted and then using the quote in a context in which the subject is implied to be someone or something other than the original constitutes a material change in meaning due to incompleteness and this word would specify against that); if the word appears after the quote (at its termination), then it means that there is no relevant and material information following the original version of the presented quote which would drastically alter its interpretation (for example: if the original is "he chose the men and the women" but the presented quote/substring is "he chose the men" (in a context such that sexism is being accused), then there is information following the presented quote/substring which alters the interpretation, namely "and the women"); note that the interpretation-altering information need not immediately precede or follow the presented quote. For singly-marked quotes (such as by "{zo}") it means that the presented quote/string/expression is complete on both ends (including being the complete word / all relevant rafsi in a lujvo). Modifying this word with "-{nai}" indicates that there definitely is a material change in the meaning of the quote due in part to completeness or lack of appropriate context (textual or otherwise). See also: "{rau'o}", "{rau'oi}", "{boi'o'u}" (for a solution to a technical catch with this word).
mu'u
BAI
mupli modal, 1st place exemplified by ...
my
BY2
letteral for m.
na
-nar-
NA
bridi contradictory negator; scope is an entire bridi; logically negates in some cmavo compounds.
na'a
BY1
cancel all letteral shifts.
na.a
A*
logical connective: sumti afterthought conditional/only if.
na'ai [experimental]
NA
Same function as {na} but with the additional meaning that the sumti in the bridi have no prior experience together.
"mi na'ai prami la .rikis .martn." means "mi na prami la .rikis .martn." with the additional information that I do not know who Ricky Martin is (so I cannot like nor dislike him, nor have really any other substantial relationship with him which is based on experience).
na'a'u [experimental]
PA5
not a number
See also {ci'i}, {xo'e}, {tu'o}.
na'au [experimental]
LI
converts an unevaluated mekso expression into a sumti referencing its evaluated result (if sensible/defined)
For example, would be prefixed to {ke'a} in {xe'au}-NOIhA clauses in order to reference the bracketed (unevaluated, formal) subexpression's evaluated result. In some sense, this word plays inverse of/to {me'o}, but may see less general use since expressions are typically evaluated at the end of mekso utterances. (Thus, this word may find its greatest amount of usage within mekso expressions before they are concluded and evaluated.)
na'e
-nal-
NAhE
contrary scalar negator: other than ...; not ...; a scale or set is implied.
na'ebo
NAhE+BO
negation sumti qualifier: something other than.
Cf. {na'e}, {bo}, {je'abo}, {no'ebo}, {to'ebo}.
na'efa'a
FAhA*
space direction: not towards specified point, contrary negation; direction modal.
na'ei [experimental]
NAhE
Contradictory negation of a predicate
The quantifier negation laws can be stated as: naku ro da zo'u da broda .ijo [su'o] da zo'u da na'ei broda, naku [su'o] da zo'u da broda .ijo ro da zo'u da na'ei broda.
na'epu'i
CAhA*
modal aspect: has never, and perhaps cannot; other-than-demonstrated-ability.
nagi'a
GIhA*
logical connective: bridi-tail afterthought conditional/only if.
nago'i
GOhA*
selbri: repeats preceding bridi while denying it as false; pro-assign values are unchanged.
na'i
UI3a
discursive: metalinguistic negator.
See also {naldra}, {nalmapti}.
nai
NAI
attached to cmavo to negate them; various negation-related meanings.
nai'i [experimental]
BAI
nafselte'i modal: except...
See also {natfe}, {steci}.
naja
JA*
logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought conditional/only if.
naku
NAKU
(adverbial) bridi contradictory negator; "it is not true that...."; negates the bridi as well as any other adverbial or quantifier located on its right.
na'o
TAhE
tense interval modifier: characteristically/typically; tense/modal; defaults as time tense.
na'oi [experimental]
CAI
Indicator for moderate or normal attitudinal intensity
Used to indicate the "default" intensity of attitudinals, the intensity that is implied when for example using a bare "ui" (which is in-between "sai" and "ru'e"). Useful mostly together with pei. Derived from cnano.
na'onai
TAhE*
tense interval modifier: atypically; subjective tense/modal; defaults as time tense.
naru'e
NA*
weak bridi negation; almost, but not quite.
na'u
NAhU
convert selbri to mex operator; used to create less-used operators using fu'ivla, lujvo, etc.
nau
CUhE
tense: refers to current space/time reference absolutely.
nau'a [experimental]
non-restrictive relative clause; attaches subordinate bridi with incidental information, doesn't contain an implicit reference to its head via {ke'a}.
See also {noi}, {to}..{toi}.
nau'o [experimental]
KOhA7
pro-sumti whose referent's identity is unknown to the speaker
Short for "lo poi'i mi na djuno lo du'u ma kau me ke'a"; e.g. "nau'o jai daspo lo staku" (someone broke the ceramic and I don't know who), "ra zvati nau'o" (I don't know where she is), "ka'e jinga ta'i nau'o" (it's possible to win somehow, but I don't know how).
nau'u [experimental]
KOhA7
what is now; refers to current space/time/situation reference absolutely
sumti equivalent of {nau}
ne
GOI
non-restrictive relative phrase marker: which incidentally is associated with ...
ne'a
FAhA3
location tense relation/direction; approximating/next to ...
ne'au [experimental]
UI1
attitudinal: devoidness of emotion (neutral by absence of emotion) - overwhelmed by/replete with/overflowing with (seemingly all) emotion
Carries no positive or negative connotations. In some sense, the "empty attitudinal".
ne'i
FAhA3
location tense relation/direction; within/inside of/into ...
nei
GOhA
pro-bridi: repeats the current bridi.
nei'ai [experimental]
NEIhAI
double-negative toggle: every odd-counted explicit usage makes negation additive; unmentioned or every even-counted explicit usage makes negation multiplicative.
It applies to the entirety of the current bridi and all future ones until toggled again; multiple but separated usages of this word within the same bridi behave as if they were adjacent. "Additive negation" means that multiple negatives just intensify, but do not cancel, one another. For example in English: "I ain't seen nothin'" means that the speaker is very emphatically claiming to have seen nothing of interest. This is the standard operation for negation in Spanish. "Multiplicative negation" means that negatives cancel, but do not intensify, one another (possibly taking a neutral or abstentional state). "I did not see nothing" in this mode means that the speaker did indeed see something. Note that multiplicative double-negatives are not necessarily equivalent to affirmatives in general. "I like cheese" is an affirmative statement and is not equivalent to "I do not dislike cheese", which is a multiplicative double-negative (and which may indicate a reluctant acceptance of cheese or a neutral feeling toward cheese). In this mode, an even number of negatives in a given statement is not negative and an odd number of negatives in a given statement is not positive. This word applies to all negatives in the text, whether they are free words or rafsi. This word also, but less dramatically, applies to affirmations: in additive mode, multiple affirmatives intensify one another ("I am indeed very much so going!" is a strongly emphasized positive statement); in multiplicative mode, they simply reduce to a single affirmation (for like example, "I am going"). This means that care must be taken: In additive mode, an affirmative marker will partially cancel with a negative particle in some way, reducing its intensity and possibly bringing it to a neutral statement ("I am indeed - not - going" is a neutral statement in this mode, similar to "I may be going"; English does not really have the ability to express such things); in multiplicative mode, an affirmative coupled with a negative simply reduces to the negative, possibly strengthened by a factor equivalent to the intensity of the affirmer ("I am indeed not going" is a clear way of saying that the speaker will not go).
nei'au [experimental]
VUhU
unary mekso operator: (-1)^x
Macro for exponentiating -1 by the input, which is an extremely common term. The input can be any number.
nei'i [experimental]
LE
strict essentialistic article: «nei'i broda cu brode» = being a broda necessarily entails being/doing brode.
nei'o [experimental]
MOI
x_1 is PA years in duration by standard x_2.
Example "pu lo re nei'o" meaning "two years ago". See also {nanca}, {cei'a}, {lei'o}, {jei'o}, {doi'e}, {coi'e}, {moi'e}, {soi'e}.
ne'o
VUhU3
unary mathematical operator: factorial; a!.
ne'o'a [experimental]
VUhU3
mekso ternary operator: the generalized incomplete (factorial-extending) Pi function; for input (X_1, X_2, X_3) this word outputs the definite integral of t^{X_1} e^{-t} with respect to t from X_2 to X_3 (see notes for default values).
This is an explicit generalization of "{ne'o}", in case such is necessary or desirable. By default, X_2 = 0 and X_3 = +infty. The output of this function is offset from the factorial by 0 (making this word consistent with "ne'o") and from the Gamma function by 1.
ne'o'au [experimental]
VUhU3
mekso quaternary operator: polygamma function; for input X_1, X_2, X_3, X_4, outputs the (-X_2)th derivative of Log(ne'o'a(X_1, X_3, X_4)) with respect to X_1.
By default, X_2 = -1 (notice the double-negative). Inherits the defaults for/of "{ne'o'a}" (for: X_3 = ne'o'a_2, and X_4 = ne'o'a_3). The 0th derivative is the identity operator; in order to be consistent with "{salri}", negative-integer-order derivatives (meaning: positive X_2) are antiderivatives. X_2 being other than a non-positive integer, or X_1 being non-real, should require mention or assumption of the cultural default interpretation of the definition of the differintegral operator. "Log" here denotes the primary branch of the natural (base-e) logarithm. This is a shift of the polygamma function by 1, so as to be consistent with "{ne'o}". Therefore, the basic digamma function (derived from the gamma, not Pi, function), often denoted "psi_0 (z), is equal to this word's output for X_1 = z - 1, X_2 = -1, X_3 = 0, X_4 = +infty (notice the prevalence of the default parameter values).
ne'oi [experimental]
VUhU3
unary operator: primorial a#
The product of the first pi(a) prime numbers p_i starting with p_1 = 2, where pi(a) is the (not-greater-than-)prime-counting function. Not strictly monotonically increasing unless a=p_j for positive integers j.
ne'o'o [experimental]
VUhU3
mekso quaternary operator – Pochhammer symbol: with/for input (X_1, X_2, X_3, X_4), this word/function outputs \\prod_{k = 0}^{X_2 - 1} (X_1 + (-1)^{(1 - X_3)} X_4 k); by default, X_4 = 1 unless explicitly defined otherwise.
For the basic definition, all inputs (especially those which are not X_1) should be nonnegative integers; X_3 can be further restricted to 0 (for the falling factorial) and 1 (for the rising factorial); X_4 > 0 will be typical. X_2 < 1 yields the empty product, which is typically defined by convention to be 1, regardless of all other inputs (so long as they are valid/belong to the domain). X_2 is the number of terms in the aforementioned defining product and interacts with X_4 in somewhat-complicated ways; be careful to avoid multiplying by nonpositive numbers unless such is actually desired (which may break certain recursive formulas); in order to avoid negative terms, enforce that X_2 < 1 + min(Set(1, X_1 \\% X_4)) + ((X_1 - (X_1 \\% X_4))/X_4), where: "\\%" denotes the modulus/remainder (see: "{vei'u}") of its left-hand/first input (here: X_1) wrt/when integer-dividing it by its right-hand/second input (here: X_4); recall: x \\% y in [0, y) for all real numbers x and y: y > 0. Also, X_4 = 1 by default. See also: "{ne'o}", "{ne'oi}".
ne'u
FAhA1
location tense relation/direction; south of.
ni
-nil-
NU
abstractor: quantity/amount abstractor; x_1 is quantity/amount of [bridi] measured on scale x_2.
ni'a
FAhA2
location tense relation/direction; downwards/down from ...
ni'a'au [experimental]
GAhUhAU
mekso n-ary operator: append covariant (lower) indices to tensor
Terminated by {te'oi'oi}. Takes ordered input (A, X_1, X_2, …, X_(n-1)), where A is a tensor and X_i is an index with an understood (or elsewhere defined) ordered domain. It appends/assigns X_i to be the ith covariant index of A, which is usually designated as a subscript in the ith position to the right of A. See also: {ga'u'au}. It is probable that Einstein summation notation will be conventionally in effect.
ni'ai [experimental]
NU
x_1 is a number/value such that the abstraction is true, under mathematical system x_2; x_1 binds to ke'a within the abstraction
Essentially a specialized version of {poi'i} for use with predicated mathematical statements (as an alternative to mekso). See also {ke'a}.
ni'au [experimental]
CAI
attitudinal: 'how do you do?'
Chinese style greeting. See also {pei}, {coi}, {a'oi}
ni bu
bu-letteral
BY*
the last sumti having a {ni}-abstraction at its topmost level inside
See also {ka bu}, {nu bu}, {du'u bu}
ni'e
NIhE
convert selbri to mex operand; used to create new non-numerical quantifiers; e.g. "herd" of oxen.
ni'e'ei [experimental]
PA5
digit/number: Niven's greatest-exponent prime factorization constant lim_(n->∞) (avg_n (H)) ≈ 1.705211…
This constant is the greatest exponent appearing in the prime factorization of a positive natural number over the ring integers on average. See also: {ni'e'oi}
ni'e'oi [experimental]
PA5
digit/number: Niven's smallest-exponent prime factorization constant c = zeta(3/2)/zeta(3) ≈ 2.1732543125195541382370898404…
This constant plays a role in the bounding of the infinite sum of the smallest exponents in the prime factorizations of the positive natural numbers over the ring of integers; specifically, it is the coefficient of the √(n) term; Niven's bound more fully is given by n + c√(n) + o(√(n)). See also: {ni'e'ei}
ni'i
BAI
nibli modal, 1st place logically; logically because ...
ni'i ma
BAI*
sumti question asking for a logical proof; why?.
ni'inai
BAI*
na'e nibli modal, 1st place; regardless of logically sufficient condition ...
Cf. {na'e}, {nibli}.
ni'o
NIhO
discursive: paragraph break; introduce new topic.
ni'oi [experimental]
JIhOI
This cmavo precedes a predicate (at least binary) and turns it into an incidental conjunction, which syntactically behaves like JA cmavo. The predicate indicates the relationship between the two connected propositions. Terminator: {te'u}.
ni'u
PA3
digit/number: minus sign; negative number); default any negative.
ni'u'u [experimental]
NAhE
scalar negator: not at all, no way
u'ivla. A Lojbanization of Polish "ni chu chu". More intense than {na'e}, but with no implication of polar opposite.
no
-non-
PA1
digit/number: 0 (digit) [zero].
no'a
GOhA
pro-bridi: repeats the bridi in which this one is embedded.
no'ai [experimental]
PA4
digit/number: absolute zero; nothing; there does not exist; ∄
Mathematically equivalent to {no}, but implies lack of negative values, especially on a scale ({va'e}/{va'ei} e.g.). Equivalent to "{rone'e} {no}". Cf. {no'e'u}, {su'o}, {ro}, {su'oi}, {ro'oi}
no'au [experimental]
XOI
Introduces a bridi relative clause, with the scope of {xoi} and the semantics of {noi}
See also {xoi} and {noi}. "ko .{iklki} no'au jalge fa lo nu {kibycpa}" means something close to "do se {koinde} fi lo ka .iklki noi lo nu do ckaji ke'a cu se jalge lo nu kibycpa"
no'au'au [experimental]
VUhU
mathematical/mekso binary operator: the zero/identity-element/(primitive (-))constant operator; outputs the identity-element of structure A (contextless default: the additive group of integers) regardless of the input value of B (except blank or ill-defined values)
According to the contextless default, the (contextless default) output will be identically 0. B can be literally anything imaginable (no specific type is required), so long as B is non-empty (not blank) and is well-defined; if these conditions are satisfied, the identity-element of structure A is output; else, this function is undefined. Notice that in Lojban, a blank must be input explicitly; otherwise {xo'o} will fill the argument implicitly. By skipping arguments in this manner (assuming a known default and using implicit elliptical argument-filling features of Lojban), this operator can be reduced to 0-arity. Note that this operator is different from multiplying by 0. See also: {bai'ei}, {ci'o'au}.
noda
KOhA*
logically quantified sumti: nothing at all (unless restricted).
no'e
-nor-
-no'e-
NAhE
midpoint scalar negator: neutral point between je'a and to'e; "not really".
no'ebo
NAhE+BO
negation sumti qualifier: the neutral form/value of.
Cf. {no'e}, {bo}, {na'ebo}, {je'abo}, {to'ebo}. Midpoint between {je'abo} and {to'ebo}.
no'e'u [experimental]
PA4
digit/number: liminal zero; neither positive nor negative
Mathematically equivalent to {no}, but implies existence of both positive and negative values, especially on a scale ({va'e}/{va'ei} e.g.). Cf. {no'ai}, {no'e}, {ma'u}, {ni'u}
no'i
NIhO
discursive: paragraph break; resume previous topic.
noi
NOI
non-restrictive relative clause; attaches subordinate bridi with incidental information.
noi'a [experimental]
NOIhA
incidental/non-restrictive adverbial: converts selbri to bridi adverbial term. The first place of the converted selbri is claimed to be such that the outer bridi satisfies it, and the outer bridi is claimed. {broda noi'a brode} means {lo nu broda ku goi ko'a cu fasnu .i ko'a brode}.
Has rightward scope. Terminator {fe'u}. See also {poi'a}, {poi'o'a}, {noi'o'a}, {soi'a}, {soi}.
noi'a'u [experimental]
NOIhAhU
PA nonrestrictive/incidental relative clause; attaches to a PA number/numeral/digit with the ke'a referring to that PA number/numeral/digit.
It attaches to the last mentioned PA, which can be only a single digit within a number rather than the entire number itself (if it has digit length greater than one in some base). Thus, beware of grouping. Confer: {poi'a'u}, {jau'au}. The attachment of this word to the immediately preceding word can be ovverridden by the usage of {xe'au}, which begins bracketing together an utterance/subexpression that will be considered to be the single and whole referent of the clause introduced by this word, the utterance of which also finishes the bracket. There is a proposal to expand the attachment of this word to any word spoken in a mekso utterance (rather than only members of selma'o PA), including members of selma'o VUhU, etc. See also: {noi'au}.
noi'au [experimental]
NOIhAU
number/interpreted mathematical object non-restrictive clause
It first terminates the immediately preceding expression and immediately forces its interpretation as a mathematical object as far as possible (so an unmodified PA*, BY*, or SYM* constuct (string) is terminated (as by {boi}) and then understood as a number/word; operators are understood as objects as well). Thn it introduces a restrictive relative clause in which {ke'a} refers to the immediately preceding object. This differs from the PA relative clause markers in that it forces the interpretation of the string as much as possible and the resulting meaning/object is the subject. It interprets the maximal immediately preceding string.
noi'e [experimental]
NAhE
scalar normative: normal in intensity
{rei'e}:{ru'e}:{milxe} ; {noi'e}:{na'oi}:{cnano} ; {sai'e}:{sai}:{mutce} ; {cai'e}:{cai}:{tcetce}. See http://mw.lojban.org/papri/zipcpi:_scalar_modifiers
noi'i [experimental]
NOIhI
connective modifer/limiter
Used for {ji} and other connective questions. It is preceded by such a connective (question) word and is followed by the set of words or the selma'o name to which the answer is expected/required to belong; the former may be literally a list of cmavo (such as 'zo .{e} ce zo .{a}', meaning that only AND or AND-OR are acceptable responses) or the name of a set of them (such as 'non-logical connectives', 'tanru after-thought connectives', 'symmetric connectives', 'all connectives except .{u}'. etc.). Terminated by {ge'u'i}. For example 'do djica tu'a loi ckafi ji noi'i lu .enai li'u ce lu na .e li'u ge'u'i loi tcati' asks 'Do you want: some coffee, some tea - where your answer can be only the former or the latter?'.
noi'o [experimental]
KOhA
pro-sumti: this paragraph
noi'u [experimental]
UI5
attitudinal modifier: attribution to the attached sumti
Explicitly attributes the preceding attitudinal to the sumti the attitudinal attaches to. See also {dai}, {da'oi}.
noka'ono
PA*
Complex zero; 0 = (0,0) = 0 + 0i.
Make sure that no other PA or other mischievous immediately precedes or immediately follows this word sequence.
nomei
MOI*
x_1 is a 0-some / empty mass / 0-tuple, with members x_2 (must be the empty set).
nomo'o
MAI*
discursive utterance ordinal: zeroth section/chapter ordinal; foreword.
no'o
PA5
digit/number: typical/average value.
no'oi [experimental]
NOhOI
Selbri incidental relative clause; attaches to a selbri with the ke'a being 'me'ei the attached selbri'
Cf. {me'ei}, {me'au}, {noi}, {po'oi}.
noroi
ROI*
tense interval modifier: never; objectively quantified tense; defaults as time tense.
no'u
GOI
non-restrictive appositive phrase marker: which incidentally is the same thing as ...
nu
-nun-
NU
abstractor: generalized event abstractor; x_1 is state/process/achievement/activity of [bridi].
Terminated with {kei}.
nu'a
NUhA
convert mathematical expression (mex) operator to a selbri/tanru component.
nu'ai [experimental]
BAI
preposition: event instantiating the current proposition.
{nundumu} modal.
nu bu
bu-letteral
BY*
pro-sumti: refers to the last complete sumti that started with a nu-abstraction
See {nu}. See also {du'u bu}, {ka bu}, {ni bu}.
nu'e
COI
vocative: promise - promise release - un-promise.
nu'ecu'i
COI*
vocative: promise - promise release - un-promise.
nu'enai
COI*
vocative: promise - promise release - un-promise.
nu'i
NUhI
start forethought termset construct; marks start of place structure set with logical connection.
nu'o
-nu'o-
CAhA
modal aspect: can but has not; unrealized potential.
nu'u
NUhU
elidable terminator: end forethought termset; usually elidable except with following sumti.
ny
BY2
letteral for n.
ny'ei [experimental]
PA
digit/number: twenty (decimal 20).
o
A
logical connective: sumti afterthought biconditional/iff/if-and-only-if.
o'a
UI1
attitudinal: pride - modesty/humility - shame.
See also {jgira}, {cumla}, {ckeji}.
o'acu'i
UI*1
attitudinal: pride - modesty/humility - shame.
o'ai [experimental]
COI
vocative: slightly surprised greetings
See also {coi}, {co'oi}. This is an {u'ivla}.
o'anai
UI*1
attitudinal: pride - modesty/humility - shame.
obu
bu-letteral
BY*
letteral for o.
o'e
UI1
attitudinal: closeness - distance.
See also {cnijbi}, {cnikansa}.
o'enai
UI*1
attitudinal: closeness - distance.
o'i
UI1
attitudinal: caution - rashness.
See also {capyrivbi}, {capfanta}, {srerivbi}, {srefanta}, {naldarsi}, {seljde}.
oi
UI1
attitudinal: complaint - pleasure.
See also {pante}, {pluka}, {kufra}.
oi'a [experimental]
UI
Attitudinal: offended/insulted - unoffended - deserving and accepting
Confer: {jgicro}, .{oi}, .{o'a}
oi'i [experimental]
I
sentence link/continuation; continuing sentences on same topic with the observative sumti filled with {la'e} {di'u}
x_1 of each sentence that immediately follows is assumed to be filled by {la'e} {di'u}. 'oi'i ge cizra gi le nu bajra cu cinri' is equivalent to 'i ge la'e di'u cizra gi la'e di'u lu'u e le nu bajra cu cinri'
o'inai
UI*1
attitudinal: caution - rashness.
oinai
UI*1
attitudinal: complaint - pleasure.
oi'o [experimental]
UI1
attitudinal: fuck/shit - fuck yeah/hell yeah
Vulgar version of {oi} used to express condescending disgust/dismissal/disapproval/pain/complaint (or ecstatic approval/pleasure/excitement with {nai}) all at once.
oire'e
UI*1
attitudinal: spiritual/religious complaint.
oiro'a
UI*1
attitudinal: social complaint.
oiro'e
UI*1
attitudinal: mental complaint (puzzlement, excess mental work).
oiro'i
UI*1
attitudinal: emotional complaint.
oiro'o
UI*1
attitudinal: physical complaint.
oiro'u
UI*1
attitudinal: sexual complaint.
oi'u [experimental]
UI1
attitudinal: pain/suffering - comfort
See {cortu}
onai
A*
logical connective: sumti afterthought exclusive or; Latin 'aut'.
o'o
UI1
attitudinal: patience - mere tolerance - anger.
See also {fengu}, {to'ersteba}, {de'acni}
o'ocu'i
UI*1
attitudinal: patience - mere tolerance - anger.
o'onai
UI*1
attitudinal: patience - mere tolerance - anger.
o'u
UI1
attitudinal: relaxation - composure - stress.
See also {surla}, {cnilanxe}, {dunku}.
o'ucu'i
UI*1
attitudinal: relaxation - composure - stress.
o'unai
UI*1
attitudinal: relaxation - composure - stress.
o'y [experimental]
BY
letteral for o.
Synonymous with the original CLL definition of .{obu}.
pa
-pav-
PA1
digit/number: 1 (digit) [one].
pa'a
BAI
panra modal, 1st place (parallel; shared property) similarly; in addition to ...
pa'aku
BAI*
sumti: explicitly marks respective use as in "THEY read THEIR (respective) books".
pa'aseva'u
BAI*
among (with a share for each)
pa'au'o [experimental]
PA5
digit/number: universal parabolic constant P = √(2) + Log_e(1 + √(2)) ≈ 2.295587
pabi
PA*
number/quantity: 18 [eighteen].
pabigeipa
number: 1*10^18, exa, quintillion; symbol: E
paci
PA*
number/quantity: 13 [thirteen].
pa'e
UI3
discursive: justice - prejudice.
See also {tcinydracu'a}, {tcinydrapai}, {vudypai}.
pa'enai
UI*3
discursive: justice - prejudice.
pa'i
VUhU2
binary mathematical operator: ratio; [the ratio of a to b].
pai
PA5
digit/number: pi (approximately 3.1416...); the constant defined by the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of all circles.
pai'e [experimental]
NAhE
scalar question: how very...?
Asks for NAhE. See http://mw.lojban.org/papri/zipcpi:_scalar_modifiers . See {pei'a}. Note: As many of the NAhE in this system are new and may be unfamiliar, NAI/CAI may be substituted for the answer instead.
paki'o
PA*
number/quantity: 1,000 expressed with comma.
pamai
MAI*
discursive: first utterance ordinal.
pamei
MOI*
quantified selbri: convert 1 to cardinal selbri; x_1 is a set with single/sole/only member x_2.
pamoi
MOI*
quantified selbri: convert 1 to ordinal selbri; x_1 is first among x_2 ordered by rule x_3.
pamo'o
MAI*
discursive utterance ordinal: first section/chapter ordinal.
pamu
PA*
number/quantity: 15 [fifteen].
pano
PA*
number/quantity: 10 [ten].
panoki'oki'o
PA*
number/quantity: 10,000,000 [ten millions](Western numbering system/1,00,00,000 [100 lakhs](Indian numbering system).
Cf. {panonoki'o}.
panomei
MOI*
quantifier selbri: convert 10 to cardinal selbri; x_1 is a set with the decade of members x_2.
panomoi
MOI*
quantified selbri: convert 10 to ordinal selbri; x_1 is tenth among x_2 ordered by rule x_3.
panono
PA*
number/quantity: 100 [one hundred].
panonoki'o
PA*
number/quantity: 100,000 [hundred thousand](Western numbering system)/[one lakh](Indian numbering system)..
Cf. {panoki'oki'o}.
panonomei
MOI*
quantifier selbri: convert 100 to cardinal selbri; x_1 is a set with the century of members x_2.
pa'o
FAhA3
location tense relation/direction; transfixing/passing through ...
papa
PA*
number/quantity: 11 [eleven].
pare
PA*
number/quantity: 12 [twelve].
paremei
MOI*
quantified selbri: convert 12 to cardinal selbri; x_1 is a set with a dozen members x_2.
pare'u
ROI*
for the first time
paroi
ROI*
tense interval modifier: once; objectively quantified tense; defaults as time tense.
paso
PA*
number/quantity: 19 [nineteen].
pa'u
BAI
pagbu modal, 1st place having component ...
pau
UI3a
discursive: optional question premarker.
See also {preti}.
pau'ai [experimental]
UI
rhetorical construct marker - genuine/serious/literal assertion/question/command marker
Place after an interrogative word (such as {xu}, {ma}, {mo}, etc.) in order to indicate that a question (and, in particular, that construct) is being presented rhetorically with no actual desire for an answer (except one that plays along with the purpose). Place after an imperative construct (such as {ko}) in order to rhetorically command the audience- such as with the English sentence "Tell me about it", which actually indicates emphatic and personal agreement rather than a command/request for the details to be explicated or elaborated. Various grammatical structures can be marked as rhetorical flourishes this way; in this capacity, the word might (but need not) operate in a way similar to {pe'a} (such as with, maybe, the phrase "for forty days and forty nights" meaning that some event had a long duration and the utterer wishes to reference/bring to mind the Biblical story of Noah's Flood in some way). Of course, whole bridi can be marked by this word. In general, it elevates the understanding of an utterance from literal to something with a purpose or intent and which may not be entirely factual or genuine but, rather, which is being used a tool in the design of a presentation. This word's negative makes it clear that the utterance is to be understood literally or as a genuine, face-value piece of text (although figurative language may still be present- it is only literal in its presentation, so to speak). See also: {si'ai}
pau'a'u [experimental]
VUhU
mekso operator: part of number/projection (one sense); the X2 part of X1
X1 can be a tensor, in which case the operator applies entry-wise; X1 can be a function, in which case the operator applies pointwise. It extracts the part of the number that belongs to the structure X2 united with the singleton 0. X2 = R implies "real part"; X2 = i*R implies "imaginary part"; X2 = R+ implies "positive part"; X2 = R- implies "negatige part". If X1 has no explicit value/projection in/along X2, then the output is 0. If 0 is X1 or X2, then the output is 0. X1 should really be a structure, not just a set.
pau'au [experimental]
VUhU3
ternary mekso operator: p-adic valuation; outputs (positive) infinity if x_1 = 0 and, else, outputs sup(Set(k: k is a nonnegative integer, and ((1 - x_3)x_2 + x_3 p_{x_2})^k divides x_1)), where p_n is the nth prime (such that p_1 = 2).
The terbri order here was defined in analogy to "{de'o}". Normally, x_1 should be a rational number, and x_2 should be a positive integer; some generalizations may be possible, though. x_3 is either 0 xor 1, and indicates/toggles between modes: x_3 = 0 yields the x_2-adic valuation (even for nonprime x_2); x_3 = 1 yields the p_{x_2}-adic valuation. x_2 = 1, x_3 = 0 yields positive infinity for any x_1 which is within the domain. If x_1 = n/m and is a rational noninteger number such that gcd(n,m) = 1, then pau'au(x_1, x_2, x_3) = pau'au(n, x_2, x_3) - pau'au(m, x_2, x_3). See also: "{fei'i}", "{pi'ei'oi}". This word is often equivalent to or closely related to "{pei'e'a}" (which is, in some ways, more general but also is less flexible with respect to its input).
paubu
bu-letteral
BY*
letteral: '?' symbol
pau'ei [experimental]
VUhU
mekso operator: power set - produces the set of all subsets of set X_1 that are of (any) size (that is) X_2 [a nonnegative integer or transfinite/infinite number; default: su'o no].
Possibly also could be used as a nonlogical "connective" of sorts. For accessing more than one cardinality in X_2, use modifiers ("less than"/"greater than") or vague numbers; default: "su'o no", which outputs the set of all subsets of X_1; thus, the unary operator is just the standard power set operator.
pau'i [experimental]
UI
discursive: marks the previous construction as a question, with valid responses being any construction which could replace it without changing the grammar of the overall utterance.
Used if you don't know the question word for the class you wish to ask about. {fu'e}...{fu'o} can be used to explicitly declare the scope of the question. See {pau}.
paunai
UI*3
discursive: unreal/rhetorical question follows.
pau'oi [experimental]
VUhU3
unary mathematical operator: predecessor/diminish/decrement (by one), \\operatorname{pred}(a) = a-- = a-1
See also: {bai'ei} (inverse), {vu'u} {pa}.
pau'u [experimental]
BAI
modal: "one ... at a time"
BAI modal for {paugbu}.
pavo
PA*
number/quantity: 14 [fourteen].
paxa
PA*
number/quantity: 16 [sixteen].
paze
PA*
number/quantity: 17 [seventeen].
pe
GOI
restrictive relative phrase marker: which is associated with ...; loosest associative/possessive.
pe'a
-pev-
UI3c
marks a construct as figurative (non-literal/metaphorical) speech/text.
pe'ai [experimental]
UI3c
discursive: layperson/laïc meaning; marks a construct as layperson/common/non-technical/non-jargon speech/text
Similar, but not equivalent, to {pe'a} and {sa'enai}. If a construct could be interpreted in a technical sense (such as the word "likelihood" in English in the field of statistics) but is not being used in that technical sense, it may be marked for layperson interpretation by this word. See also: {pe'ainai}.
pe'ainai
UI3c
technical meaning; marks a construct as jargon/terminology/technical/precise/exact speech/text
Marks how a construct is to be interpreted/understood. Similar, but not equivalent, to {pe'anai} and {sa'e}. If a construct should/could be interpreted in a technical sense (such as the word "likelihood" in English in the field of statistics) AND is actually being used in that technical sense (rather than in a layperson sense), it may be marked for technical interpretation by this word. See also: {pe'ai}
pe'anai
UI3c
literal sense; marks a construct as literal (non-figurative/non-metaphorical/exact) speech/text
"Literally"; one sense of "exactly speaking". Not to be used as an intensifier (unlike some usages of "literally" in English).
pe'aru'e
UI3c*
weak metaphor marker: indicates that there is some broadening of the concept, typically to include objects of types that are unusual for the defined place structure, but which retains most of the semantic of the word as defined.
See {pe'a}, {ru'e}, {do'a}. See the Lojban definitions for {dimnu'e} and {tcimi'e} for examples.
pecai
GOI*
restrictive relative phrase marker: permanently / inalienably associated with; it is impossible or near-impossible to break that relation
Proposed as a variation of {po'e} with less semantic-boundary difficulties, while freeing up {po'e} for reassignment in dialects/forks. Most words that the concept of 'inalienable possession' applies to, e.g. {birka}, {mamta}, or even {pendo} in some natlangs, have a convenient {be} place to be used instead with a better-defined meaning. However, this may be used for any relation that is impossible-or-nigh-impossible to break, e.g. the car you worked on and made custom modifications to for years; in a sense, it will still be "your car" even if you sold it. {do'e}{cai} could be a variation to associate a bridi or the subject of the bridi, e.g. 'ti karce do'ecai mi'. See also {pesai}, {pe}
pe'e
PEhE
marks the following connective as joining termsets.
pe'ei [experimental]
BAhE
mark a logical connective as having maximal scope.
Etymologically derived from {pe'e} but is in BAhE. When placed before a logical connective, makes it so that it is evaluated at the very end, so that it is not blocked by abstractions or sub-bridi. For example: "mi viska lo nanmu .i je mi viska lo ninmu" -> "mi viska lo nanmu .e lo ninmu" -> "mi viska lo nanmu pe'ei je ninmu", not "mi viska lo nanmu je ninmu".
pe'i
UI2
evidential: I opine (subjective claim).
See also {jinvi}.
pei
CAI
attitudinal: attitudinal question; how do you feel about it? with what intensity?.
pei'a [experimental]
CAI
scalar / attitudinal question: how very...?
Essentially asks for NAI/CAI. For selbri/sumtcita, the full range of NAI/CAI may be asked for; see http://mw.lojban.org/papri/zipcpi:_scalar_modifiers and {pai'e}. For attitudinals, it is limited to {ru'e}/{na'oi}/{sai}/{cai} or combinations thereof (use {pei} to ask for the full range).
pei'e [experimental]
UI2
evidential question: how do you know that?
Asks for UI2 (evidential) category, though a more detailed explanation may also be given.
pei'e'a [experimental]
VUhU
at-most-3-ary mekso operator: "integer exponent" for X_1 divided by X_2 in algebraic structure X_3
Produces the maximum integer n such that X_2 ^n | X_1 in/according to the rules of X_3. X_1 and X_2 each must be nonzero and not units. Context or explicit specification elsewhere may make X_3 unnecessary. For natural numbers, the Wolfram Language calls this "IntegerExponent" (if we ignore the arity and the default specifications; but the argument order is preserved). In this case (X_3 = (N, +, *), where "N " denotes the set of all natural numbers (positive integers)), this function can be usefully restricted to f:(N Exclude Set(1)) Union P -> N Union Set(0), (r,p) -> max( Set(n in N Union Set(0): p^n divides r in N)), where "P" denotes the set of primes in the unique factorization domain of integers.
pei'i'a [experimental]
PA5
digit/number: Apéry's constant ζ(3) = 1.202056903159594285399738161511449990764986292…
pei'o [experimental]
UI4
attitudinal category question: what is the category (UI4) of attitudinal?
Specifically asks about the UI4-category, either when attached to attitudinals or used alone. Valid answers include both the category on its own and a whole UI with additional specifiers (as long as the category is included). Of course, any relevant -nai or -cu'i of the category must be included in the answer.
pei'u [experimental]
UI
discursive: want a response - venting
pe'o
PEhO
forethought flag for mathematical expression (mex) Polish (forethought) operator.
pesai
GOI*
restrictive relative phrase marker: semi-permanently associated to; will remain associated unless something breaks that relation
Proposed as a variation of {po} with less semantic-boundary difficulties, while freeing up {po} for reassignment in dialects/forks. Legal ownership is a possible relation; it could also mean, say, the chair assigned to you in an office, which will remain 'your' chair until reassigned, where mere {pe} could just mean the one you're sitting on. {do'e}{sai} could be a variation to associate a bridi or the subject of the bridi, e.g. 'ti stizu do'esai mi'. See {pecai}, {pe}, {ponse}, {po'a}
pe'u
COI
vocative: please.
pi
-piz-
PA3
digit/number: radix (number base) point; default decimal.
pi'a
VUhU4
n-ary mathematical operator: operands are vectors to be treated as matrix rows.
pi'ai [experimental]
KE
Prefix multiplication of unit selbri
Cf. {te'ai}, {fei'u}. Used to construct selbri for units such as coulombs, which is pi'ai xampo snidu [ke'e] which is x1 is measured in Coulombs (Ampere-seconds) as x2 (li) etc. Since pi'ai is prefix, pi'ai mitre snidu grake [ke'e] is m s g, etc.; separate multipliers are not necessary.
pi'au [experimental]
PA5
digit/number: pi (approximately 3.1416...); the constant defined by the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of all circles.
Part of a proposal to move {pau} to {pai} and {poi'a}, {noi'a}, {soi'a} to {pau}, {nau}, {sau}. See also {tau'u}.
pi'au'e [experimental]
VUhU
mekso ternary operator: extract digit from number; X_2nd macrodigit/term of number/tuple X_1 when X_1 is expressed in base/basis X_3.
X_2 defaults to 0; it must always be an integer. For the purposes of this description, suppose temporarily that the base is decimal/ten; this is for simplicity - statements generalize to other bases. The zeroth digit (X_2 = 0) is the singles digit; the first digit (X_2 = 1) is the tens digit; the nth digit (for any integer n) is the digit which represents the multiple of 10^{n}; the positive-last (X_2 = {ma'uro}) digit is the most significant digit/figure in a finite number expressed in decimal; the negative-first (X_2 = -1) is the one-tenths digit; the negative-last digit for a terminating expansion in decimal is the least significant digit/figure of the number when expressed in decimal. Only macrodigits are extracted; so, in Roman numeral notation, decimal 120 = CXX, and the second (or positive-last) digit is C (which equals 100). X_1 may be expressed in any base but X_3 forces a conversion to its own base for the purposes of this extraction; X_1, X_2, X_3, and the result of the extraction may all be expressed in any base (independent of one another) and the default is assumed to be default of the cultural context for the math (according to the CLL, this is usually decimal), explicitly differing from this base requires {ju'u} or similar (which is allowed). The result/output of this function is a digit (thus, it concatenates with other PA automatically) and must filter through the interpretation rules in order to be considered a number; unless it explicitly expressed otherwise, it is assumed to be in the base of whatever digit-string it occurs in or, failing this/being alone, the base used in the cultural context of the text - it is not necessarily expressed in base-X_3.
pidu'e
PA*
number: too much of.
pi'e
PA3
digit/number:separates digits for base >16, not current standard, or variable (e.g. time, date).
pi'ei [experimental]
VUhU
mathematical/mekso binary operator: vector or function inner product over a field; the inner product of A and B over field C
The field is usually defined or implicitly clear from context. May be generalized to higher tensors over fields and which have many (or less) entries; in this case, it is tensor multiplication followed by contraction.
pi'ei'au [experimental]
VUhU
mathematical ternary operator: not-greater-prime-counting function
Outputs the number of prime numbers that are less than or equal to the input value a according to ordering rules b in ring c; contextless default for c is the standard/typical ring of integers (Z,+,*); contextless default for b is the standard typical ordering of the ring, which is the 'normal' absolute value (signless difference/distance with/from 0) for the standard ring (Z,+,*); thus, it will usually operate as an unary operator. Usually denoted "π(n)" in the literature.
pi'ei'oi [experimental]
VUhU3
mathematical ternary operator: prime-generating function.
The a-th prime according to ordering rules b in ring c; contextless default for c is the standard/typical ring of integers (Z,+,*); contextless default for b is the standard typical ordering of the ring, which is the 'normal' absolute value (signless difference/distance with/from 0) for the standard ring (Z,+,*); thus, it will usually operate as an unary operator. The function must be defined over the set of strictly positive integers (or, more generally, ordinals) in/for the first operand; generalizations may be possible. Ignores units and 0. It begins counting at 1 in/for the first operand; under contextless default conditions, the outputs increase strictly monotonically with respect to increase in the first input [a], starting with the least prime in (Z,+,*), namely p_1 = 2. Usually denoted "p_i" or "Prime()" in the literature. See also: "{fei'i}", "{pau'au}".
pi'i
VUhU1
n-ary mathematical operator: times; multiplication operator; [(((a * b) * c) * ...)].
see also {pilji}, {fe'i}
piji'i
PA*
number: approximately all of.
pimo'a
PA*
number: too little of.
pimu
PA*
half.
synonym {fi'ure}; see also {xadba}
pimucu'o
MOI*
quantified selbri: convert .5 to probability selbri; event x_1 has a 50/50 chance under cond. x_2.
pino
PA*
Number/digit: exactly none of (empty set as a subset of another set); in probability theory, "guaranteed impossible".
Distinct from "{pisoi'au}" in that non-empty null subsets can be 0% of their relevant supersets, but are not exactly none of it (which is what "pino" means).
pi'o
BAI
pilno modal, 1st place used by ...
piresi'e
MOI*
quantified selbri: convert .2 = 1/5 to portion selbri; x_1 is 1/5 of mass/totality x_2.
piro
PA*
number: all of.
pirosi'e
MOI*
quantified selbri: converts all-of to portion selbri; x_1 is the whole portion of mass x_2.
piso'a
PA*
number: almost all of.
piso'e
PA*
number: most of.
piso'i
PA*
number: much of.
pisoi'ai
PA*
almost all of/almost 1/almost surely/almost certainly (technical sense), but not "exactly all of" or "guaranteed" (sense: anti-impossible).
Has/of the full measure but is not literally all of the relevant superset (this word is distinct from and does not include the possibility of "{piro}"); the complementary subset is null but non-empty. In the context of probability, the result is not absolutely and perfectly certain in theory; alternative outcomes are technically possible. See also: "{soi'ai}", {pisu'osoi'ai}".
pisoi'au
PA*
almost none of/almost 0/almost never/almost certainly not/nearly nothing of (technical sense) but technically being non-empty or possible in theory (not impossible).
Having zero measure (not "no measure", since the measure does exist). This word does not contain "{pino}" in its potential reference; use "{pisu'esoi'au}" for that. In the context of probability theory, the relevant event is possible, just with probability 0. The relevant set is null but non-empty. See also: "{soi'au}".
piso'iroi
ROI*
tense interval modifier: often; objectively quantified tense; defaults as time tense.
piso'o
PA*
number: some of.
piso'u
PA*
number: a little of.
piso'uroi
ROI*
tense interval modifier: rarely; objectively quantified tense; defaults as time tense.
pisu'esoi'au
PA*
digit/number: at most almost-none of (0%, taken as a fraction of a whole); the referent set is null and may even be empty.
Basically equivalent to "pino {jonai} pisoi'au". See also: "{su'esoi'au}", "{pino}", "{pisoi'au}", "{pisu'osoi'ai}".
pisu'o
PA*
number: at least some of.
pisu'osoi'ai
PA*
digit/number: at least almost-all of; at least almost-certain; 100%.
The complementary set is of measure 0 and may even be empty. Often, when people say "100%", they mean "pi ro"; however, "{pisoi'ai}" is also possible, but is mutually exclusive with the previous possibility (in the same way that "{re}" cannot mean "{su'o} re"). This cmavo string covers both cases and, so, is basically equivalent to "piro jonai pisoi'ai". See also: "{soi'ai}", "{piro}", "{pa}", "{pisu'esoi'au}".
pi'u
-piv-
JOI
non-logical connective: cross product; Cartesian product of sets.
pizau'u
PA*
arbitrarily much of, arbitrarily close to 1, an arbitrarily large proper fraction/percentage of
Equivalent to exactly "nopizau'u". No assumption of the signum beyond what "{pi}" forces. In absolute value, this is nonzero and strictly less than 1, but it is as close as to 1 as desired.
po
GOI
restrictive relative phrase marker: which is specific to ...; normal possessive physical/legal.
po'a [experimental]
BAI
ponse modal, 1st place: with possessor/owner...
See {ponse}, {po}
po'e
GOI
restrictive relative phrase marker: which belongs to ... ; inalienable possession.
po'i
BAI
porsi modal, 1st place (in order) sequentially; in the sequence ...
poi
NOI
restrictive relative clause; attaches subordinate bridi with identifying information to a sumti.
poi'a [experimental]
NOIhA
restrictive adverbial: converts selbri to bridi adverbial term. The first place of the converted selbri is claimed to occur in conjunction with the outer bridi. {broda poi'a brode} means {lo nu broda cu fasnu gi'e brode}.
Has rightward scope. Terminator {fe'u}. See also {noi'a}, {poi'o'a}, {noi'o'a}, {soi'a}, {soi}.
poi'a'u [experimental]
NOIhAhU
PA restrictive relative clause; attaches to a PA number/numeral/digit with the ke'a referring to that PA number/numeral/digit.
It attaches to the last mentioned PA, which can be only a single digit within a number rather than the entire number itself (if it has digit length greater than one in some base). Thus, beware of grouping. Confer: {noi'a'u}, {jau'au}. The attachment of this word to the immediately preceding word can be ovverridden by the usage of {xe'au}, which begins bracketing together an utterance/subexpression that will be considered to be the single and whole referent of the clause introduced by this word, the utterance of which also finishes the bracket. There is a proposal to expand the attachment of this word to any word spoken in a mekso utterance (rather than only members of selma'o PA), including members of selma'o VUhU, etc. See also: {poi'au}.
poi'au [experimental]
NOIhAU
number/interpreted mathematical object restrictive clause
It first terminates the immediately preceding expression and immediately forces its interpretation as a mathematical object as far as possible (so an unmodified PA*, BY*, or SYM* constuct (string) is terminated (as by {boi}) and then understood as a number/word; operators are understood as objects as well). Thn it introduces a restrictive relative clause in which {ke'a} refers to the immediately preceding object. This differs from the PA relative clause markers in that it forces the interpretation of the string as much as possible and the resulting meaning/object is the subject. It interprets the maximal immediately preceding string.
po'i'ei [experimental]
VUhU3
n-ary mekso operator: for an input of ordered list of ordered pairs ((X_1, Y_1), (X_2, Y_2), (X_3, Y_3), ..., (X_n, Y_n)), it outputs formal generalized rational function (x - X_1)^{Y_1} (x - X_2)^{Y_2} (x - X_3)^{Y_3} ... (x - X_n)^{Y_n} in the adjoined indeterminate (here: x).
n may be infinite, under the condition that the function is well-defined. In the definition, adjacency of terms denotes multiplication in the relevant algebraic structure. If there is an i such that Y_i is omitted, then Y_i = 1 by default. For any i, there is no constraint on the values which may be taken by X_i or Y_i. See also: "{po'i'oi}".
poi'i [experimental]
NU
x_1 is such that {poi'i} abstraction is true; x_1 binds {ke'a} within the abstraction.
Originally proposed by And Rosta around 2001.
poi'o'a [experimental]
NOIhA
restrictive first place adverbial: converts selbri to bridi adverbial term. The outer bridi is claimed to occur together with the event of the first place of that bridi satisfying the converted selbri. {broda poi'o'a brode} means {broda fau lo nu vo'a brode}.
Terminator {fe'u}. See also {poi'a}, {noi'a}, {noi'o'a}, {soi'a}, {soi}.
po'i'oi [experimental]
VUhU
mekso at-most-3-ary operator: convert to polynomial; X_1 (ordered list of algebraic structure (probably field) elements) forms the (ordered list of) coefficients of a polynomial/Laurent-like series with respect to indeterminate X_2 under ordering rule X_3 (default for finite list: the first entry is the coefficient of the highest-degree term and each subsequent entry is the next lesser-degree coefficient via counting by ones and wherein the last entry is the constant term)
In English, there is no good way to distinguish between x^2 + 2x as a function and as a number; typical notation would demand that it is a number but abuse must be adopted since no easy alternative exists for its expression as a function (such as when it is being defined; mapping notation is one of the best options, but is cumbersome). Lojban now allows for such functionality: just apply this word to the ordered list (1,2,0) and do not fill the second terbri (X_2: the indeterminate). This word can also be viewed as creating an object in a ring. Termination of the list is extremely important; under normal interpretations, list entries can themselves have operations applied internally; moreover, multiple indetermimates can be introduced by careful application of this word to a list wherein each entry is itself treated as a polynomial. The last entry in X_1 must be 'constant' term (when understood as a function), so care must be taken to explicitly mention an appropriate number of zeroes. See also: "{cpolinomi'a}", "{po'i'ei}".
po'o
UI3b
discursive: uniquely, only, solely: the only relevant case.
See also {pamei}, {mulno}, {frica}.
po'oi [experimental]
NOhOI
selbri restrictive relative clause; attaches to a selbri with the ke'a being "me'ei the attached-selbri"
Cf. {me'ei}, {me'au}, {no'oi}, {poi}.
po'onai
UI*
discursive: not exclusively, among others, including but not limited to.
po'u
GOI
restrictive appositive phrase marker: which is the same thing as.
pu
PU
time tense relation/direction: did [selbri]; before/prior to [sumti]; default past tense.
pu'a
BAI
pluka modal, 1st place pleased by ...
pu'ai [experimental]
BAI
pluta modal, 1st place: via route...
See {pluta}, {veka'a}
pu'au [experimental]
CUhE
tense: refers to past of current space/time reference absolutely
before the time of {nau}
puba
PU*
time tense: was going to; (tense/modal).
puca'a
PU*
time tense: past actuality; modal aspect.
puca'o
ZAhO*
time tense: was then; (tense/modal).
pu'e
BAI
pruce modal, 1st place (in manner 1) by process ...
pu'e'ei [experimental]
VUhU3
mekso binary operator: generate span; outputs span(X_1, X_2)= span_{X_2}(X_1); set of all (finite) sums of terms of form c v, where v is an element of algebraic structure X_1 (wherein scalar multiplication and summation is defined), and c is a scalar belonging to ring X_2.
For example, the span of vectors v_1 and v_2 in vector space V over the field of exactly all real numbers R has X_1 = Intersect(V, Set(v_1, v_2)) and X_2 = R and yields output Set(c_1 v_1 + c_2 v_2 : c_i in R for alli), where scalar multiplication and vector addition are as defined in V.
pu'e'u'o [experimental]
PA5
digit/number: the Prouhet-Thue-Morse constant τ = 0.412454033640… (in decimal)
Binary expansion: .01101001100101101001011001101001…
pu'i
-pus-
CAhA
modal aspect: can and has; demonstrated potential.
pujeba
PU*
time tense: before and after; (tense/modal).
pujeca
PU*
time tense: before and during; (tense/modal).
pu'o
ZAhO
interval event contour: in anticipation of ...; until ... ; inchoative ----| |.
pupu
PU*
time tense: had earlier been; (tense/modal).
pu'u
-puv-
NU1
abstractor: process (event) abstractor; x_1 is process of [bridi] proceeding in stages x_2.
puza
PU*
time tense: a medium time before; (tense/modal).
puze'a
PU*
time tense: for a medium length interval some time in the past; (tense/modal).
puze'i
PU*
time tense: for a short interval some time in the past; (tense/modal).
puze'u
PU*
time tense: for a long interval some time in the past; (tense/modal).
puzi
PU*
time tense: a short time before; (tense/modal).
puzu
PU*
time tense: a long time before; (tense/modal).
puzuvukiku
PU*
time-tense discursive: a long time ago and far away; locks frame-of-reference of time and space
Commonly used similarly to English "once upon a time" in story introductions.
py
BY2
letteral for p.
py'ai [experimental]
PA
digit/number: twenty (decimal 21).
ra
KOhA5
pro-sumti: a recent sumti before the last one, as determined by back-counting rules.
ra'a
BAI
srana modal, 1st place pertained to by ... (generally more specific).
ra'ai [experimental]
ZO
quotes a single non-meaning name in lojban (Must be lojban text and sounds) delimited by pauses
Similar to la'ai but used for single-word names.
ra'anai
BAI*
unrelated to... / regardless of...
ra'au [experimental]
KOhA3
pro-sumti: others, not me/we/the speaker(s)/the author(s)/you the listener(s).
See also {da'ai}, {ma'a}.
ra'e
PA3
digit/number: repeating digits (of a decimal) follow.
ra'ei [experimental]
UI3a
semi-discursive: and so forth, and so on, et cetera, continuing similarly
In mekso, gains the functionality of "...". Used when intent is to explicitly mark elision of some structure which can be guessed by context and intuitive comparison with mentioned items; not derogatory or emotive.
ra'i
BAI
krasi modal, 1st place from source/origin/starting point ...
rai
BAI
traji modal, 1st place with superlative ...
rai'a [experimental]
NAhE
selbri modifier: restrict the referents of the x1 slot to those belonging to the current domain of discourse, those being relevant to the present context.
Brivla equivalent: {srai'a}.
ra'i'au [experimental]
UI5
attitudinal modifier: want this to last - (cu'i) accept this - (nai) want this to end soon
{ra'i'au} means that the speaker wants this situation or emotion to last.; From {ranji} + {au}; See also: {ra'i'aucu'i}, {ra'i'aunai}
ra'i'aucu'i
UI5
attitudinal modifier: want this to last - (cu'i) accept this - (nai) want this to end soon
{ra'i'au} means that the speaker will accept this situation or emotion; From {ranji} + {au}; See also: {ra'i'au}, {ra'i'aunai}
ra'i'aunai
UI5
attitudinal modifier: want this to last - (cu'i) accept this - (nai) want this to end soon
{ra'i'au} means that the speaker wants this situation or emotion to end soon.; From {ranji} + {au}; See also: {ra'i'au}, {ra'i'aucu'i}
ra'i'e [experimental]
VUhU
ternary mekso/mathematical operator: radical; for input (x,y,z), it outputs the largest y-th-power-free product of prime divisors of x in structure (ring) z.
Contextless defaults: z is usually the standard ring of integers (with primes being the standard set of prime numbers; note that this excludes 0, 1, and all negative numbers from the set of primes); y = 2.
rai'i [experimental]
VUhU
mekso (2 or 3)-ary operator: maximum/minimum/extreme element; ordered list of extreme elements of the set underlying ordered set/structure X_1 in direction X_2 of list length X_3 (default: 1)
X_1 must be an ordered set (or an ordered structure); extremeness is measured with respect to the order which endows the underlying set; the output is a list of elements of the underlying set. X_2 accepts only -1 (li {ni'upa}) or +1 (li {ma'upa}); if the input to X_2 is -1, then the type of extreme(ness) is lessness, so minimal elements are listed (starting from the least element in the underlying set according to its order); if the input to X_2 is +1, then the type of extreme(ness) is greatness, so maximal elements are listed (starting from the greatest element in the underlying set according to the order which endows it); not even li {ni'u} nor li {ma'u} on their own are accepted in X_2. All input for X_3 must be a nonnegative and finite integer, {ro}, or countable infinity ({ci'ino}); nontrivial input for X_3 must is a positive, finite natural number which is less than or equal to the cardinality of the set underlying X_1; submit "{ro}" for X_3 in order to reproduce the underlying set as an ordered list (according to the order endowing the set) only if the underlying set is countable (finite or infinite) and discrete (has only isolated points); submit 0 for X_3 in order to return the empty list; submit {ci'ino} in order to do the same as {ro}, but only if the set is countably infinite and is discrete (has only isolated points). If the set does not attain its supremum (if X_2 = +1) or infimum (if X_2 = -1), then the list is empty. Provided that the list is well-defined and nonempty, then the input of X_3 can be augmented by +1 only if any interval around the last element of the list produced with the previous value of X_3 which extends in the (-X_2)-direction intersected with the set underlying X_1 is either empty or has an (X_2)-determined-extreme element which is isolated and there exists at least one nonempty interval. If the set underlying X_1 is unbounded in the (X_2)-determined direction, then the first extreme element is X_2 * \\infty. This operator produces the first X_3 most X_2-type-extreme elements of X_1 in order starting from the very most extreme of that type. The type of the output is a list, not a number; its elements must be extracted in order to be treated as numbers; this is true even if the length of the list is 1. This function can be defined iteratively: Let ext be this function, denote set difference by "Exclude", denote set union by "Union", ith entry extraction from a list list by "list|_i" where the list starts at the first (i=1) entry list|_1, and set builder notation by Set (where the first input lists the dummy values and possibly their domain, and the second input (if present) contains an exhaustive list of the conditions restricting the dummy values); an ordered structure is denoted by "(A, <)", where A is the underlying set of the structure and '<' is the order which endows the structure. When it is well-defined (and the inputs, excluding m are fixed by context), denote z_{m} = -i * ext((A,<),i,n)|_{m}. Then ext((A,<),i,n) equals a list of length n wherein each entry is an element of A and if n>1, then for any natural number m<n, the following is true: z_{m} < z_{m+1}; and, moreover, there exists no element y in A such that z_{m} < -i*y < z_{m+1}. Then, if it is well-defined, z_{m+1} = ext((A Exclude (Set(z_1) Union ... Union Set(z_{m})),<),i,1).
rai'o [experimental]
ZAIhU
Quote conversion: the quotation as presented uses pro-sumti and pro-bridi as if the current utterer (not the original utterer) were saying it, but the meaning conveyed is identical to that of the actual quotation by the original utterer and there is a claim that this meaning was expressed elsewhere
Example: Person B quotes Person A in this way with quote "I am going"; without this word, this quotation would mean that Person A is going, but with this conversion, the pro-sumti are redefined and it means that Person B is going (and that Person A effectively said originally "Person B is going" in normal quotation; no claim was ever made about Person A going).
ra'o
RAhO
flag GOhA to indicate pro-assignment context updating for all pro-assigns in referenced bridi.
ra'oi [experimental]
ZOhOI
single-word rafsi quote; quotes a single word delimited by pauses (in speech) or whitespace (in writing) and treats it as a rafsi
Useful for quoting rafsi that aren't legal words on their own. See http://mw.lojban.org/papri/unspeakable_rafsi_gotcha for details.
ra'u
UI3
discursive: chiefly - equally - incidentally.
See also {ralju}, {vajni}.
rau
PA4
digit/number: enough; subjective.
ra'ucu'i
UI*3
discursive: chiefly - equally - incidentally.
raumei
MOI*
quantified selbri: converts enough to cardinal; x_1 is a set with members x_2, enough by std. x_3.
raumoi
MOI*
quantified selbri: converts enough to ordinal; x_1 is enoughth among x_2, order rule x_3.
ra'unai
UI*3
discursive: chiefly - equally - incidentally.
rau'o [experimental]
UI
flag a quote/sedu'u statement in order to indicate that the text is substantially the same in all relevant important aspects (usually including content), translated with this meaning, "to this/that same effect" - - (nai:) untranslated, original and exact wording
When translating a foreign text/utterance into Lojban, the original untranslated (non-Lojban) text/utterance would be marked with "{rau'onai}" and the Lojbanic version which is a faithful translation would be marked with "rau'o". The original text may be Lojbanic though, in which case "{rau'onai}" would suggest confidence that the quote/wording is exactly as originally expressed (modulo changes such as via "{lo'ai}" etc., vel sim.), whereas "rau'o" would indicate slight rewording (due to change in grammatical or external context, loss of memory accuracy, etc.) which does not affect the basic features of the text/utterance (such as meaning; possibly including things such as particular word choices or poetic qualities). Segment a text into multiple strings and modify those strings via this word individually and then reconcatenate them if you wish to indicate varying degrees of textual fidelity which do not apply overall/generally or to emphasize or specifically mark out particular segments as having a certain fidelity quality. A mild reworking of the exact wording would be marked by "{cu'i}" vel sim., depending on subjective or objective degree of change. See also "{ra'o}", "{sa'a}"/"{to'i}", "{mu'o'u}", "{lo'u}", "{rau'oi}".
rau'oi [experimental]
RAUhO
quote marker: indicates that the quotation being marked has experienced exactly no change in meaning/has the original meaning and is the same in all important qualities - approximately the same meaning/having generally the same idea or effect or message - substantially changes in meaning or some important quality
Such as in a word-for-word translation. The words may change, but so long as the exact same message (in every way, including connotation, formality, style of presentation, etc.) is maintained, then this word may be applied (in addition to "{rau'o}"); obviously, this works best when exactly quoting an utterance in the same language with extremely high confidence (such as after a recording). Use attitudinal intensity modifiers/negators in order to achieve the other valences. Does not imply completeness of the quote or, necessarily (although practically), maintenance of the original quotation's language; see "{mu'o'u}" and "{rau'o}" for these respectively.
re
-rel-
PA1
digit/number: 2 (digit) [two].
re'a
VUhU4
unary mathematical operator: matrix transpose/dual; A^T.
re'ai'e [experimental]
REhAIhE
free conversion
Must be followed immediately by an ordered tuple (even if it is empty or 1-entry) of natural numbers which is immediately preceded by {li}; immediately after this tuple (which must be terminated), must be a brivla with at least as many terbri as the maximum of the length of the tuple (the number of entries which it possesses) and the greatest entry. The output of this entire construct is a selbri. The nth entry of the tuple, which is the natural number a_n, is the label number of the terbri in the official definition of the selbri which is the nth terbri in the selbri which is produced as a result of this word. So, for example, the tuple (3, 2, 4, 1) means that the first terbri of the new selbri is the third terbri of the selbri in this construct, the second terbri of the new selbri is the second terbri of the selbri in this construct (no change there), third terbri of the new selbri is the fourth terbri of the selbri in this construct, and fourth terbri of the new selbri is the first terbri of the selbri in this construct. This word might be equivalent to certain {se} {xi} constructs, but provides an alternative for those who might dislike them.
re'au'e [experimental]
SE
the trivial selbri conversion - identity permutation of terbri
Outputs the terbri in the standard/original/trivial order: x1 broda x2 x3 x4 x5. Useful for answering '{se'u'o}' questions.
re'e
UI4
emotion category/modifier: religious/spiritual/worship - sacrilege.
See also {lijda}.
re'enai
UI*4
emotion category/modifier: spiritual/worship - sacrilege.
re'i
COI
vocative: ready to receive - not ready to receive.
rei
PA2
digit/number: hex digit E (decimal 14) [fourteen].
rei'e [experimental]
NAhE
scalar abator: slightly... / not very...
{rei'e}:{ru'e}:{milxe} ; {noi'e}:{na'oi}:{cnano} ; {sai'e}:{sai}:{mutce} ; {cai'e}:{cai}:{tcetce}. See http://mw.lojban.org/papri/zipcpi:_scalar_modifiers
re'inai
COI*
vocative: ready to receive - not ready to receive.
reki'o
PA*
number/quantity: 2,000 expressed with comma.
remai
MAI*
discursive: second utterance ordinal.
remei
MOI*
quantified selbri: convert 2 to cardinal selbri; x_1 is a set with the pair of members x_2.
remoi
MOI*
quantified selbri: convert 2 to ordinal selbri; x_1 is second among x_2 ordered by rule x_3.
reno
PA*
number/quantity: 20 [twenty].
renomei
MOI*
quantifier selbri: convert 20 to cardinal selbri; x_1 is a set with the score of members x_2.
renono
PA*
number/quantity: 200 [two hundred].
re'o
FAhA3
location tense relation/direction; adjacent to/touching/contacting ...
repageipa
number: 1*10^21, zetta, sextillion; symbol: Z
reroi
ROI*
tense interval modifier: twice; objectively quantified tense; defaults as time tense.
re'u
ROI
converts number to an objectively quantified ordinal tense interval modifier; defaults to time.
revogeipa
number: 1*10^24, yotta, septillion; symbol: Y
rezegeipa
number: 1*10^27, ronna, octillion; symbol: R
ri
KOhA5
pro-sumti: the last sumti, as determined by back-counting rules.
ri'a
BAI
rinka modal, 1st place (phys./mental) causal because ...
ri'ai [experimental]
UI2
evidential: I have basic/axiomatic belief
The speaker posits the marked claim as true and is not willing to question its validity. Suitable for religious faith for example. See also: {cmukri}.
ri'a ma
BAI*
sumti question asking for a physical cause; why?.
ri'anai
BAI*
na'e rinka modal, 1st place (phys./mental); regardless of cause ...
Cf. {na'e}, {rinka}.
ri'au [experimental]
KOhA5
pro-sumti: the next/immediately following sumti (as determined by back-counting rules applied forward)
Mostly stylistic in use, although certain word orders may help the audience understand what is being said more easily and thus this word can be more desired. Works basically the same as {ri} but counts forward; if this word were replaced by the referent sumti (the next sumti) and the next sumti were replaced by {ri}, the meaning of the utterance would not change at all.
ri'e
UI5
attitudinal modifier: release of emotion - emotion restraint.
See also {cniri'u}, {cnicru}.
ri'enai
UI*5
attitudinal modifier: release of emotion - emotion restraint.
ri'ero'u
UI
release of sexual emotion - sexual emotion restraint; erotic fulfillment - impotence/abstinence.
cai/sai/ru'e can be used to describe intensity of fulfillment/(impotence/abstinence). bu'o can be used to describe how close to orgasm one is. In particular, (cai)(bu'onai)ri'ero'u can be used to describe an orgasm.
ri'i
BAI
lifri modal, 1st place patient/passive case tag; happens to...,experienced by...,with passive...
ri'o
VUhU4
trinary mathematical operator: [integral of a with respect to b over range c].
ri'oi [experimental]
LE
the latest aforementioned...; refers back to the most recently mentioned thing(s) that satisfies the x1 of the following predicate
See also {ri'oirkai}, {ri}, {ra}, {le}, {bi'unai}.
ri'u
FAhA2
location tense relation/direction; rightwards/to the right of ...
ro
-rol-
PA4
digit/number: each, all.
ro'a
UI4
emotion category/modifier: social - antisocial.
See also {jikca}.
ro'anai
UI*4
emotion category/modifier: social - antisocial.
ro'au'o [experimental]
BY1
shift to Latin alphabet (strictly)
(Part of a proposal to restrict definition of {lo'a} to strictly a Lojbanic (default/natural) script.)
roda
KOhA*
logically quantified universal sumti: everything (unless restricted).
ro'e
UI4
emotion category/modifier: mental - mindless.
See also {menli}.
ro'enai
UI*4
emotion category/modifier: mental - mindless.
ro'i
UI4
emotion category/modifier: emotional - denying emotion.
See also {cinmo}.
roi
-rom-
-roi-
ROI
converts number to an objectively quantified tense interval modifier; defaults to time tense.
roi'i [experimental]
UI4
emotion category/modifier: creative, artistic (emotion felt in proverbial/mythical "right brain") - analytic, methodical (emotion felt in proverbial/mythical "left brain")
For example {oi} {roi'i} is frustration felt by one's "creative organ", e.g. at failure to get inspired or work out ideas. {o'u} {roi'inai} might express satisfaction at solving a tough calculation. {roi'icu'i} expresses something halfway: like {ro'e} but stressing the fact that "both halves of the brain" are involved.
ro'inai
UI*4
emotion category/modifier: emotional - denying emotion.
romai
MAI*
discursive utterance ordinal: finally; last utterance ordinal.
romoi
MOI*
quantified selbri: is final among; convert all to ordinal selbri; x_1 is last among x_2, rule x_3.
ronru'u bu
bu-letteral
BY*
letteral: euro coinage sign (letteral).
ro'o
UI4
emotion category/modifier: physical - denying physical.
See also {xadni}.
ro'oi [experimental]
PA4
universal plural quantifier. ``All.''
``{ro'oi} {da}'' = ``{na} {ku} {su'oi} {da} {na} {ku}.'' cf. {ro} which is a universal singular quantifier.
ro'onai
UI*4
emotion category/modifier: physical - denying physical.
rore'u
ROI*
(for the) last time
Not in general restricted to the most recent time/occurrence; if the event might happen in the future, further specificity is desirable (using, say, "{pu}"). For example, if one is moving from their apartment tomorrow and will presumably close their door then, but one is wondering "did I lock my door the last time that I close(d) it?", then this word on its own would be inadequate; the question is asking about the most recent time that the door was closed by the wonderer (the last, id est most recent, occurrence /in the past/) but that will probably not be the last time that the wonderer /ever/ will have closed it (which would happen tomorrow). By default, time is ordered from past to future (past < future).
roroi
ROI*
tense interval modifier: always; objectively quantified tense; defaults as time tense.
ro'u
UI4
emotion category/modifier: sexual - sexual abstinence.
See also {cinse}.
ro'unai
UI*4
emotion category/modifier: sexual - sexual abstinence.
ru
KOhA5
pro-sumti: a remote past sumti, before all other in-use backcounting sumti.
ru'a
UI2
evidential: I postulate.
See also {sruma}.
ru'e
CAI
attitudinal: weak intensity attitude modifier.
ru'ei [experimental]
VUhU2
n-ary operator: n-ary magma/group/ring operator a*b = ab`
Typically will be binary. All properties and structure are defined from context (including the set upon which it operates). Subscripts can denote to which structure (such as group) it belongs and which operator in that structure it is (typically, the subscript will denote in this order; id est: group, then descriptor). Notation may vary. Usually, will map within the structure (unlike a group action). See also: {ma'e'o}, {zi'a'o}, {gu'ai}.
ru'i
TAhE
tense interval modifier: continuously; subjective tense/modal; defaults as time tense.
ru'inai
TAhE*
tense interval modifier: occasional/intermittent/discontinuous; defaults as time tense.
ru'o
BY1
shift letterals to Cyrillic alphabet.
ru'oi [experimental]
PA
quantifier: "all" (as opposed to "every")
"ru'oi broda cu brode" expands to "su'oi da poi ge ke'a broda gi ro'oi broda cu me ke'a cu brode". See also {ro'oi}, {su'oi}. In an imaginary grammar where "lo ti broda" is no longer a noun phrase, {ru'oi} is in selma'o LE.
ru'u
FAhA2
location tense relation/direction; surrounding/annular ...
ry
BY2
letteral for r.
sa
SA
erase complete or partial utterance; next word shows how much erasing to do.
sa'a
UI3a
discursive: material inserted by editor/narrator (bracketed text).
See also {setca}.
sa'ai [experimental]
LOhAI
start quote of replacement for recent mistakenly uttered text
See {le'ai}.
sa'au [experimental]
SAhAU
erase current sentence.
sa'e
UI3
discursive: precisely speaking - loosely speaking.
See also {satci}, {jibni}.
sa'ei [experimental]
COI2
Converts following cmevla or zoi-quote into onomatopoeia. (bam! crash! kapow! etc.)
Narrower term than {tai'i}. See also {sance}, {ci'oi}, {ki'ai}.
sa'enai
UI*3
discursive: precisely speaking - loosely speaking.
sa'i
VUhU4
n-ary mathematical operator: operands are vectors to be treated as matrix columns.
sai
CAI
attitudinal: moderate intensity attitude modifier.
saibu
bu-letteral
BY*
letteral: '!' symbol
sai'e [experimental]
NAhE
scalar intensifier: very...
{rei'e}:{ru'e}:{milxe} ; {noi'e}:{na'oi}:{cnano} ; {sai'e}:{sai}:{mutce} ; {cai'e}:{cai}:{tcetce}. See http://mw.lojban.org/papri/zipcpi:_scalar_modifiers
sai'ei [experimental]
MAI
turns PA into CAI; intensity attitude modifier expressed by a mekso.
Used to provide a numerical description of the value on an axis where the attitude intensity of the preceding UI word lies. 1 is taken as the default. For example, {na'oi} = "pa sai'ei", {sai} = "so'o sai'ei", {cai} = "so'i sai'ei", {cu'i} = "no sai'ei", {nai} = "ni'u pa sai'ei". Often the word preceding {sai'ei} will be a subjective number rather than an objective one, or else a number that has more significance than just a raw value: {no}, {ni'u} {pa}, and {ci'i} are examples. In particular, "ci'i sai'ei" ("to an infinite extent") can now be expressed. Also "xo sai'ei" (how strongly?), "xo'e sai'ei" (to some unspecified extent), "tu'o sai'ei" (there isn't really a degree of strength) and other pseudonumbers in PA can be used to create unique and very Lojbanic descriptions. See also: {sai}, {cai}, {cu'i}, {nai}.
sai'i [experimental]
PA
digit/number: exactly enough and no more.
To {sacni} as {du'e} is to {dukse}.
sa'o
VUhU4
trinary mathematical operator: [derivative of a with respect to b of degree c].
sa'oi [experimental]
SAhOI
unconditional start of text; outside regular grammar; used for computer input.
See also {fa'o}.
sa'u
UI3
discursive: simply - elaborating.
See also {sampu}, {pluja}.
sau
BAI
sarcu modal, 1st place requiring ...
sau'a [experimental]
ZAhO
interval event contour: succeeding at ...
See also {snada}.
sau'e [experimental]
GOhOI
quotes a nonce Lojban word (an onomatopoeia), turns it into selbri unit meaning "x_1 makes a sound like (quoted word)".
This is Loglan's "sue". For example, "sau'e uaf" has place structure "x_1 barks (utters 'waf!')"
sau'ei [experimental]
COI
vocative: celebratory cheer/hooray
sau'e'u [experimental]
COI
topicalizer (sumtcita/discursive; somewhat meta): the following discourse is about/relates to/has topic/concerns
This word is good for the subject line in an email or post; in a conversation with multiple topics (and possibly multiple people responding simultaneously with multiple paragraphs for each topic), it can be used as an organizational tool. It is used to put the audience's mind in the proper/correct thought frame (mindset). It does not really change the meaning of the bridi, but it does indicate to what its content semantically pertains or relates. It can be used as a reminder; for example, "Remember when you told me to go to the store? What did you want me to buy?" -> "Concerning the event of my going to the store, what did you want me to buy?" -> "sau'e'u lonu mi klama lo zarci keiku do djica lonu vecnu ma mi". It is not as attached to the bridi as {sera'a}; this is more discursive and somewhat more meta. The specified topic may endure until the end of the discourse, or the paragraph, or the bridi; it is explicitly cancelled/negated by "{sau'e'unai}" followed by a pointer to whichever part of the topic is being concluded in thought and discourse; it is taken to be the case that the previous topic is concluded whensoever a new one (even what could be considered a subtopic) is introduced. If Eulojban (more specifically, the diphthong/digraph "eu") is ever accepted (in Lojban) as valid, .krtisfranks. would prefer that this word's meaning get directly transferred to and preserved in "{sau'eu}", with this word unassigned; likewise for "{sau'eunai}".
sau'e'unai
COI*
cancel topic
The topic of the current discourse which relates to or is referenced by the immediately following sumti is hereby cancelled.
sau'i [experimental]
VUhU
mekso n-ary operator: reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocal of each of X_1, X_2, ..., X_n (for any natural number n); 1/((1/X_1) + (1/X_2) + ... + (1/X_n)).
Left-groups, but is commutative and associative, so it does not matter. Useful in calculating electrical resistance, manipulating exponentiation/roots/logarithms ({enfa}), giving examples of binary operators with certain properties, etc. li ry sau'i sy du li pe'o fa'i pe'o su'i pe'o fa'i ry boi ku'e pe'o fa'i sy ku'e ku'e ku'e. See also: "{vau'i}".
sa'unai
UI*3
discursive: simply - elaborating.
sau'u [experimental]
SAUhU
erase the current clause.
se
-sel-
SE
2nd conversion; switch 1st/2nd places.
se'a
UI5
attitudinal modifier: self-sufficiency - dependency.
See also {sezysei}, {kantcu}.
se'ai'e [experimental]
SE
(n, 1, 2, \\dots, n-2, n - 1)st conversion.
Permutes the terbri so that the mth sumti slot of the new selbri is the (m-1)st sumti of the original selbri, for any natural m such that 1 < m \\leq n, and the first sumti of the new selbri is the last (id est: nth) sumti slot of the original selbri, where the cardinalities of the terbri of the original (and thus new) selbri each are n (such that n is a natural number). This permutation is given by the cycle (n, 1, 2, \\dots, n-2, n-1) acting on the indices of the terbri (notice that this is cyclic permutation notation, not an ordered tuple (as appears in the definition)). For a selbri with 2 sumti slots, this is equivalent to "{se}"; for one with 3 slots, it is "{to'ai}"; for 4, it is "{vo'ai}"; for 5, it is "{xo'ai}". See also: "{se'au'e}" for the inverse. The behavior of this word when applied to open-ended terbri structures (such as for "{jutsi}") is yet to be explored; use it cautiously in such contexts, or perhaps not at all.
se'anai
UI*5
attitudinal modifier: self-sufficiency - dependency.
se'au'e [experimental]
SE
(2, 3, \\dots, n-1, n, 1)st conversion.
Permutes the terbri so that the mth sumti slot of the new selbri is the (m+1)st sumti slot of the original selbri, for any natural m such that 1 \\leq m < n, and the last (id est: nth) sumti slot of the new selbri is the first sumti slot of the original selbri, where the cardinality of the terbri of the original selbri (and thus the new one) is n (such that n is a natural number) each. This permutation is given by the cycle (1, n, n-1, n-2, \\dots 3, 2) acting on the indices of the terbri (notice that this is cyclic permutation notation, not an ordered tuple (as appears in the definition)). See also: {se'ai'e} for inverse. The behavior of this word when applied to open-ended terbri structures (such as for "{jutsi}") is yet to be explored; use it cautiously in such contexts, or perhaps not at all.
seba'i
BAI*
basti modal, 2nd place instead of ...
sebai
BAI*
bapli modal, 2nd place (forcing result) compelling event ...
sebau
BAI*
bangu modal, 2nd place (speakers) in language of speakers ...
sebe'ei
BAI
benre modal, 2nd place, which is the beneficiary of...
See {benre}.
sebe'i
BAI*
benji modal, 2nd place (message/cargo) transmitting ...
seca'i
BAI*
catni modal, 2nd place authoritatively; with authority over ...
secau
BAI*
claxu modal, 2nd place (lacking) without ...
seci'e
BAI*
ciste modal, 2nd place with system function ...
seci'o
BAI*
cinmo modal, 2nd place (shows attitude) emotionally; emoting ...
seci'u
BAI*
ckilu modal, 2nd place used in scalar negation on scale measuring ...
secu'u
BAI*
cusku modal, 2nd place (saying) expressively; expressing ...
sede'i
BAI*
detri modal, 2nd place (for letters) on the same date as ... ; label with event.
sedi'o
BAI*
diklo modal, 2nd place locally; at specific locus ...
sedu'i
BAI*
dunli modal, 2nd place (same as 1st); equal to ... [same as 1st place modal].
sedu'o
BAI*
djuno modal, 2nd place knowingly; knowing facts ...
sedu'u
NU*
compound abstractor: sentence/equation abstract; x_1 is text expressing [bridi] which is x_2.
se'e
BY1
following digits code a character (in ASCII, Unicode, etc.).
se'e'i [experimental]
SEhEhI
placed before a selbri, merges x1 and x2 places.
Causes relabelling so that all slots which were originally subsequent to x_2 have their indices decremented by 1; therefore, for example, the original x_3 is the new x_2. Notice that "se'e'i se'e'i" merges the original x_1, x_2, and x_3 slots all together; likewise, under "{se} se'e'i", the new x_1 is the original x_3 and the new x_2 is the original x_1 and x_2 mutually merged together (therefore, "se'e'i" is equivalent to "se'e'i se" but not "se se'e'i"). See also: "{te'e'i}", "{ve'e'i}", "{xe'e'i}", {te'e'a}, {ze'e'au}.
sefa'e
BAI*
fatne modal, 2nd place (same as 1st); backwards; in reversal of ...
sefi'e
BAI*
finti modal, 2nd place creatively; creating work ...
sega'a
BAI*
zgana modal, 2nd place observing ...
segau
BAI*
gasnu modal, 2nd place actor/agent case complement; actively; as active agent in doing ...
se'i
UI5
attitudinal modifier: self-oriented - other-oriented.
See also {sevzi}, {drata}.
sei
SEI
start discursive (metalinguistic) bridi.
sei'a [experimental]
PA3
converts singular quantifier into plural quantifier
For good examples, {su'oi} = {sei'a} {su'o} and {ro'oi} = {sei'a} {ro}. See {suzmeidza}
sei'ai [experimental]
COI
vocative: sweet dreams.
See also {di'ai}.
se'i'a'o [experimental]
VUhU
unary mathematical operator: identity function id(a) = a
Outputs whatsoever value is inputted. A trivial function that is actually of some importance. See also: {dubyfancu}.
sei'au [experimental]
SEIhAU
terbri editor: passes the terbri value through the quoted function so that the sumti that fills it really is filling the output of the function
Terminated by itself ({sei'au}); explicit termination is always required; the sumti after it must be explicit (even if elliptical, such as with explicit use of {zo'e}). Inside the module formed by the "sei'au" brackets, at most three sumti (where this counting contracts connected sumti into one) can be specified. The first one is a {mau'au}-{zai'ai} quoted function (which is taken to be the operand of this word); it must be preceded (not necessarily immediately) by {li}; let f be this function. The second and third sumti each are a nonnegative integer (preceded by {li}); call them n and m respectively; n defaults to 1 and m defaults to the next (thus-far unfilled) terbri number for/of the current selbri unless these specifications are overridden by zmico; if the relevant selbri has no terbri following this word, then this default value of m causes this word to have no effect. The mth terbri of the selbri to which this construct applies will be passed through f before being filled by any sumti (including {zo'e}, explicit or implicit; terbri numbers start counting at 1 and increase by 1 with each new occurrence) for the next n occurrences of the aforementioned selbri in the discourse (with n = 1 counting the current occurrence; aside: a non-default value of m can thus affect the interpretation of an already-filled terbri of the currently open selbri in an afterthought manner); this counting is only done forward in the discourse/time, including the current selbri, never back through it. Thus, n = 0 effectively neutralizes this word, n being infinite causes the effect to be permanent. f being {zi'a'o} returns the terbri in question to its default value/understanding (according to zmico). It is important to realize that this word does not affect the mth terbri of all selbri, just of the one currently open when this word is utterred (no matter where it is positioned/nested in future costructs). If this word is in conflict with another usage of this word over the same terbri, follow the specification applied by the most recent still active occurrence of this construct; this construct is considered to be active for this purpose until its-n occurrences of the appropriate terbri are uttered; thus if the earlier-n is greater than the later-n, the later effect takes precedent until it is disactivated, after which point the earlier effect resumes. Define n and m (and f) outside of the module created by brackets of this word if you wish to reuse them; for the sake of future referencing the value specified within the module, n gets reduced/decremented by 1 at each occurrence of the appropriate terbri until it reaches the value 0 (at which value it remains forever after); if n is a series of connected numbers, this decrementation is applied to each connectand in turn. Use {pi'u} (possibly subscripted) in order to simplify utterances. Especially helpful if f is non-injective. The affected terbri must be referenced by {ce'u} as an operand of f wheresoever it is desired; this reference must be explicit. Let 'broda' be the currentry open selbri; then this word replaces broda_m with f(broda_m) in the definition of 'broda' for the next n occurrences of the terbri. For example, if f were {cu'a}, then any sumti which fills broda_m will be understood to be doing so in absolute value. See also: {de'ai}.
sei'e [experimental]
SEI
evidential builder: I know by means ...
sei'e broda = sei mi djuno be fo lo nu broda. For example, {za'a} is sei'e {zgana}, {ka'u} = sei'e {kulnu}, {se'o} = sei'e {senva}. Can be used to answer {pei'e} questions more freely.
se'i'i [experimental]
PA5
digit/number: Sierpiński constant K = π(2 Log_e(2) + 3Log_e(π) + 2γ - 4Log_e(Γ(1/4)) ≈ 2.584981759579253217065893587383…
sei'i [experimental]
UI2
evidential: stereotypically...
See {sei'inai}, {lemkai}, {kesri}, {ka'u}, {su'a}, {le'e}
sei'inai
UI*2
evidential: avoiding stereotypes...
See {sei'i}, {lemkai}, {kesri}, {le'e}
se'inai
UI*5
attitudinal modifier: self-oriented - other-oriented.
sei'o [experimental]
SEIhO
selbri terminator
Elidable terminator for selbri-groups/tanru. Represented by the pseudo-cmavo "SF" (selbri fanmo) in some parsers. Might have some use for attitudinals, and certain experimental constructs.
sei'u [experimental]
COI
vocative: "you're welcome / happy to help / no problem" - "just this once / you owe me"
Response to {ki'e}, expressing that the act one is being thanked for was (or wasn't, in the case of {sei'u} {nai}) gladly fulfilled.
sei'u'e [experimental]
PA5
digit/number: ideal first Skewe's constant Sk_1 ; the first (minimal positive) infimum for which all greater x in some neighborhood have the property that it is false that the prime counting function at x is less than the logarithmic integral function at x
Somewhat dependent on the conclusive truth of the Riemann hypothesis. Humans do not currently know this value precisely, but it is greater than 10^14 and less than 1.39822*10^316
seja'e
BAI*
jalge modal, 2nd place (event causal) results because of ...
seja'enai
BAI*
na'e jalge modal, 2nd place (event causal); results regardless of ...
Cf. {na'e}, {se}, {jalge}.
seja'i
BAI*
javni modal, 2nd place orderly; by rule prescribing ...
seji'e
BAI*
jimte modal, 2nd place limitedly; as a limit of ...
seji'o
BAI*
jitro modal, 2nd place controlledly; controlling/guiding aspects ...
seji'u
BAI*
jicmu modal, 2nd place (from basis) supporting ...; as a basis for ...
seka'a
BAI*
klama modal, 2nd place with destination ...
seka'i
BAI*
krati modal, 2nd place representingly; on behalf of ...
sekai
BAI*
ckaji modal, 2nd place (quality) characterized by ...; with property ...
sekai ma
BAI*
sumti question asking for a characteristic property/quality; which?.
seki'i
BAI*
ckini modal, 2nd place (same as 1st) related to ...
seki'u
BAI*
krinu modal, 2nd place reason therefore ...
seki'unai
BAI*
krinu modal, 2nd place reason nevertheless ...
seko'au
BAI*
kosmu modal, 2nd place: "which is the purpose of..."
See {ko'au}, {kosmu}
sekoi
BAI*
korbi modal, 2nd place (bounding) as boundary of ...
seku'u
BAI*
kulnu modal, 2nd place (people) in culture of ...
sela'u
BAI*
klani modal, 2nd place in quantity ...; measured as ...
sele'a
BAI*
klesi modal, 2nd place as a category of/within ...
seli'e
BAI*
lidne modal, 2nd place preceding ...;leading ... ; non-time sequence.
sema'e
BAI*
marji modal, 2nd place made of material/composition ...
sema'i
BAI*
manri modal, 2nd place (of reference) as a reference standard for observing ...
semau
BAI*
zmadu modal, 2nd place (relative!) more than ...; usually a sumti modifier.
semaunai
BAI*
zmadu modal, 2nd place (relative!) not more than ...; usually a sumti modifier.
seme'a
BAI*
mleca modal, 2nd place (relative!) less than ...; usually a sumti modifier.
seme'anai
BAI*
mleca modal, 2nd place (relative!) not less than ...; usually a sumti modifier.
seme'e
BAI*
cmene modal, 2nd place (the named one) as a name for ...
semikolon bu
bu-letteral
BY*
letteral: semicolon (letteral).
semu'i
BAI*
mukti modal, 2nd place motive therefore ...; motivating action ...
semu'inai
BAI*
mukti modal, 2nd place motive nevertheless ...
semu'u
BAI*
mupli modal, 2nd place as an example of property ...
sene'i
FAhA3
location tense relation/direction; containing / enclosing...
See {ne'i}, {vasru}, {nenri}
seni'i
BAI*
nibli modal, 2nd place entails therefore ...
seni'inai
BAI*
nibli modal, 2nd place entails nevertheless ...
se'o
UI2
evidential: I know by internal experience (dream, vision, or personal revelation).
See also {senva}.
se'o'e [experimental]
SE
elliptical/generic/unspecific/vague selbri conversion
Basically says 'in some (id est: at least one) ordering/permutation, these arguments and this selbri make sense [and I claim the produced sentence]'. The ordering may be complicated, or it could even be the case that multiple orderings work. Can be useful for when one does not quite remember or care about the exact definition of a brivla, including in sumti; can also be useful when the conversion is particularly complicated, when a desired terbri has a large index, or when multiple conversions are true; it is an allowed, if unhelpful, response to {se'u'o}.
se'oi [experimental]
UI2
evidential: I know by gnosis
cf. {se'o}. Signals knowledge based on spiritual mysteries and/or the nature of creation and existence.
se'oi'oi [experimental]
SEhOIhOI
Conversion: Switch n and x_1 in MOI (or MOI*) cmavo so that the submitted value (previous x_1) outputs the number(s) (previous n) associated with it.
Must be immediately followed by MOI(*) vel sim. Output is a multiset, being the pre-image of the submitted value (previous x_1) under the MOI cmavo, when all other sumti are submitted to the MOI cmavo as before; the set will normally be a singleton or the empty set; the fact that the output is a multiset does mean that a particular element must be drawn from it if the whole multiset, as a single entity, is not to be treated. SE conversion could theoretically be used on the MOI first, but .krtis. is not sure what the utility of that would be. See "{moi}", "{se}".
sepa'a
BAI*
panra modal, 2nd place similarly; similar to ...
sepa'u
BAI*
pagbu modal, 2nd place (whole) partially; as a part of ...
sepi'o
BAI*
pilno modal, 2nd place (instrumental) tool/machine/apparatus/acting entity; using (tool) ...
sepo'i
BAI*
porsi modal, 2nd place sequentially; sequenced by rules ...
"Under (total) ordering"
sepu'a
BAI*
pluka modal, 2nd place (for) pleasingly; pleasing ...; in order to please ...
sepu'e
BAI*
pruce modal, 2nd place (inputs) processing from inputs ...
sera'a
BAI*
srana modal, 2nd place (pertaining to) relevantly; concerning ... (less specific).
sera'i
BAI*
krasi modal, 2nd place originally; as an origin/starting point of ...
serai
BAI*
traji modal, 2nd place (property) -est; most extremely; superlative in ...
seri'a
BAI*
rinka modal, 2nd place (phys./mental) causal therefore ...
seri'anai
BAI*
rinka modal, 2nd place (phys./mental) causal nevertheless ...
seri'i
BAI*
lifri modal, 2nd place experiencing ...; undergoing ...
sesau
BAI*
sarcu modal, 2nd place (process) necessarily; necessary for ...
sesi'u
BAI*
sidju modal, 2nd place assisting ... (in doing/maintaining something).
seta'i
BAI*
tadji modal, 2nd place methodically; as a method for doing ...
setai
BAI*
tamsmi modal, 2nd place similarly; resembling ... (in ideal form).
{tamsmi} is x_1 resembles x_2 sharing ideal form/shape x_3 in property x_4
setese
SE*
complicated selbri conversion: exchange x2 and x3
Equivalent to {tesete}.
seti'i
BAI*
stidi modal, 2nd place suggestively; suggesting (idea/action) ...
seti'u
BAI*
tcika modal, 2nd place (for letters) at the same time as ... ; label with event.
setu'i
BAI*
stuzi modal, 2nd place as a location of ...
se'u
SEhU
elidable terminator: end discursive bridi or mathematical precedence;usually elidable.
se'u'o [experimental]
SE
selbri conversion question
Asks for the SE word that is intended (or at least makes the sentence true). Subscript a set of numbers that represent the order of terbri in question; the subscripted set can be a set of ordered or unordered tuples, specifying exactly which terbri may be exchanged. 'la .ralf. se'u'o xi li re ce li ci pi'u li re cebo li ci klama by boi cy' = 'Did Ralph come to B from C or to C from B?' (notably, 'Did B come to Ralph from C?' is not a possible option for answering the question). An answer is a SE string that is allowed by the selbri and by the subscripts; continuing the example, if the response is 'Ralph went to C from B', one would respond with '.i {setese}'. Any SE word works for the general question possibility (which is the unrestricted/non-subscripted case). Essentially 'se'u'o xi sy' is equivalent to 'se xi li xo poi ke'a cmima sy' (where '{te}' is basically understood as ' se xi li jo'i pa boi ci te'u ', etc.), but the answer can be a complicated ordered sequence/string of SE words; this word complements specifically {fi'a} in the typical/same way that SE complements FA. Typically, leaving the subscripted set vague or not completely free of every possible semantic or syntactic pathology is perfectly fine; syntax and practicality will typically restrict it enough for reasonable responses to be made. See also: {re'au'e} (which alone would be used in answering that 'Ralph goes to B from C' in the previous question).
seva'o
BAI*
vanbi modal, 2nd place (environment) as conditions/environment of/for ...
seva'u
BAI*
xamgu modal, 2nd place beneficiary case tag for the benefit of...; with beneficiary ...
sexipa
SE*
1nd conversion; switch 1st/1st places.
sexixa
SE*
6th conversion; switch 1st/6th places
See https://lojban.github.io/cll/19/6/.
sezau
BAI*
zanru modal, 2nd place approvingly; approving ...
sezu'e
BAI*
zukte modal, 2nd place purposefully; goalfully acting at ...
si
SI
erase the last Lojban word, treating non-Lojban text as a single word.
si'a
UI3b
discursive: similarly.
See also {simsa}, {panra}.
si'ai [experimental]
UI
marks a construct as being a reference/allusion - explicit marker of divorce/isolation of a construct from any external allusions that may come to mind
The subject of the allusion may be general cultural knowledge or to another utterance, especially in the same work/text/speech. There is an intent by the utterer to bring to mind somewhat external pieces of knowledge that are somewhat similar or relate to the marked construct in some (unspecified) manner. The audience is expected to understand but need not actually be able to do so. The subject of the allusion can be included via, for example, a {to}-{toi} construct. The allusion can be an exact or nearly-exact quotation or can be more loose/vague; the intensity of the marker will give some indication to this. The negation of this word marks a construct as standing on its own, independent and isolated/divorced from any potential allusions that may inadvertently arise. This is a rhetorical device. See also: {sitna}, {simsa}, {pau'ai}.
si'au [experimental]
UI2
evidential: it seems that...
si'au'i [experimental]
SI
erases a word; pretend the next word ≈ the erased word
The resulting utterance is a translated pun, where the joke is that in the source language, the removed word sounds like or is the same as the word following {si'au'i}.
si'e
MOI
convert number to portion selbri; x_1 is an (n)th portion of mass/totality x_2; (cf. gunma).
si'ei [experimental]
PA3
numeric suffix: indicates that the number refers to portionality instead of cardinality
e.g. {fi'u} {re} {si'ei} {lo} {vo} {prenu} = "half of the four people (i.e. two of the four)"; contrast with {fi'u} {re} {lo} {vo} {prenu} = "a half person of the four people (!)". {fi'u} {re} {si'ei} {lo} {vo} {prenu} is equivalent to {lo} {fi'u} {re} {si'e} {be} {lo} {vo} {prenu}. Other possible uses: {ci} {fi'u} {vo} {si'ei} {roi} = "three quarters of the time", {pi} {mu} {si'ei} {moi} = the middlemost member of a sequence. See {si'e}
si'i
VUhU4
trinary mathematical operator: [sigma summation of a using variable b over range c].
si'i'ai [experimental]
PA
digit/number: a finite/bounded number, finitely many.
The absolute value/magnitude/norm of this number is strictly less than positive infinity; this condition is the defining criterion. It need not be single-digit represented in the current base. It need not be real, positive, integral/whole, etc. In isolation, it might be equivalent to "ci'i nai" in some experimental conventions; when concatenated, it may behave somewhat differently in that it is more or less equivalent to {xo'ei} but unrestricted by the base and must not refer to {ci'i}. If {ni'u} or {ma'u} precedes it, then the referent of this word specifically is taken to be nonnegative if it is real - thus {ni'usi'i'ai} would be a finite/bounded but negative real number and {ma'usi'i'ai} would be a finite/bounded but positive real number, each possibly also including 0 as a possibility, under such assumptions. This is used with {ni'u} (resp. {ma'u}) in order to explicitly specify a finite and nonpositive (resp. nonnegative) number (if it is real); on their own, {ni'u} or {ma'u} can refer to infinities as well. {xo'ei} can refer to this meaning, but it is equipped with additional restrictions, since {xo'e} and {xo'ei} know their context; {xo'e} is a bit more general in that it can refer to infinite numbers too.
si'i'ei [experimental]
SIhIhEI
story time toggle.
"Story time interpretation" is as is described in CLL v1.1 Chapter 10 Section 14 ( http://lojban.org/publications/cll/cll_v1.1_xhtml-section-chunks/section-story-time.html ). The first explicit usage of this word causes the interpretation of the following text/narrative/conversation/utterance to be interpreted as experiencing story time; the toggle status is explicitly 'on'. This holds even if story time interpretation had been implicitly used or required prior to such point within the same text/narrative/conversation/utterance. Thereafter, every subsequent explicit usage of this word alters the toggle status for story time interpretation between explicit application ('on') and explicit not-application ('off'), and nothing else, so that the toggle status immediately after such a usage differs from the toggle status immediately prior to such usage; consequently, within a given text/narrative/conversation/utterance, all odd-numbered explicit usages of this word cause story time interpretation to apply (the resultant toggle status is explicitly 'on') and all even-numbered explicit usages of this word cause story time interpretation to no longer apply (the resultant toggle status is explicitly 'off'). See also: "{ki}".
si'i'oi [experimental]
SIhIhOI
Marks discontinuity in story time.
When story time is either implicitly or explicitly active, this word explicitly marks a jump discontinuity between the foregoing scene/section/chapter and the current/immediately-following one; but story time is flowing piecewise continuously on either side of it. For example, a flashback or a scene break so that an already-seen (and thus now-past) event is being re-experienced from another perspective could be so marked. A sharp/notable jump futureward (often denoted by a chapter break or a tildebrand) could also be so marked. Theoretically, a jump to another location or perspective but at the same (or imemdiately-following) instant could also be marked in this way. Typically, narrations will not say the direction of jump because the slight confusion or lack of that information is used for stylistic or dramatic effect; however, such could presumably be denoted with tense markers or subscripts. See also: "{si'i'ei}".
si'o
-siz-
NU
abstractor: idea/concept abstractor; x_1 is x_2's concept of [bridi].
si'oi [experimental]
SIhOI
erases a SI, SA or SU cmavo; is to "redo" as SI/SA/SU is to "undo".
"ti broda si si'oi brode" = "ti broda brode". Used when a speaker decides to erase a word, phrase, or sentence, but then decides that on second thought they want to retain it. More useful with SA or SU than SI, but could also be used with SI when it has erased a particularly long word. Necessarily, a parser must carry out SIhOI erasure before SI, SA and SU erasure. More meta levels of SI are not needed, since SI and SIhOI can just alternate. "ti broda si si'oi si brode" = "ti brode". See also: {si}, {sa}, {su}, {si'au'i}.
si'oi'e [experimental]
VUhU
n-ary mekso operator: Logistical growth/cumulative function, sigmoid function; (X_3 / (1 + e^{(-X_2(X_1 - X_4))})) + X_5.
X_1 is the main independent variable. e is the natural base ({te'o}); X_1 is the primary input, all other X_i's are parameters. Contextless default values: X_2 = 1, X_3 = 1, X_4 = 0, X_5 = 0. For the sake of clarity (in case the TeX does not render), the function is: (X_3 / (1 + e^{(-X_2(X_1 - X_4))})) + X_5.
si'o ze'ei du'u
NU*
abstractor: x_1 is x_2's concept of [bridi] (proposition or {kau}-question)
= {lo} {sidbo} {be} {lo} {du'u}. See {si'o}, {ze'ei}, {kau}
si'o ze'ei ka
NU*
abstractor: x_1 is x_2's concept of the property [bridi]
= {sidbo} {be} {lo} {ka}. See {si'o}, {ze'ei}
si'o ze'ei nu
NU*
abstractor: x_1 is x_2's concept of the event [bridi]
= {sidbo} {be} {lo} {nu}. See {si'o}, {ze'ei}
si'o ze'ei poi'i
NU*
abstractor: x_1 is x_2's concept of the object bound to {ke'a} and described by [bridi]
= {lo} {sidbo} {be} {lo} {poi'i}. See {si'o}, {ze'ei}
sitna bu
bu-letteral
BY*
letteral: quotation mark (letteral).
si'u
BAI
sidju modal, 1st place (aiding agent) aided by ...
slac bu
bu-letteral
BY*
letteral: slash (letteral).
slaka bu
bu-letteral
BY*
letteral: Lojban ',' character.
so
-soz-
PA1
digit/number: 9 (digit) [nine].
so'a
-soj-
PA4
digit/number: almost all (digit/number).
so'au [experimental]
PA4
subjective number which is constant over time
See also {stodi}, {ziltodi}, {ze'au}, {ja'au}.
so'e
-sop-
PA4
digit/number: most.
so'e'ai [experimental]
SOhEhAI
Delimit a replacement for the previous expression using arbitrary delimitors.
same meaning as {lo'ai} ... {sa'ai} ... {le'ai}, but with the syntax of {zoi}, hence the use of nonce delimiters. This cmavo allows to even quote {lo'ai}, {sa'ai}, and {le'ai}, by changing the delimitor (and thus not needing an escape cmavo). Example: (lo'ai cipna sa'ai sipna le'ai) is identic to (so'e'ai gy. cipna .gy. sipna .gy).
so'ei [experimental]
UI3
discursive: "to be honest", being frank, candid, speaking one's mind - deliberately "not getting into it", saying less than is on one's mind
so'eroi
ROI*
tense interval modifier: usually; objectively quantified tense; defaults as time tense.
so'i
-sor-
-so'i-
PA4
digit/number: many.
soi
SOI
discursive: reciprocal sumti marker; indicates a reciprocal relationship between sumti.
soi'a [experimental]
NOIhA
subordinating adverbial: converts selbri to bridi adverbial term. The bridi is claimed to satisfy the first place of the converted selbri, but is not itself claimed to occur. {broda soi'a brode} means {lo nu broda cu brode}
Has rightward scope. Terminator {fe'u}. See also {poi'a}, {noi'a}, {poi'o'a}, {noi'o'a}, {soi}.
soi'ai [experimental]
PA
almost all/almost every/almost everywhere (technical sense): there is a non-universal conull subset (the complementary (sub)set of which is non-empty but of measure 0, where complement is taken with respect/relative to the universal set) of such things that are satisfactory.
Important point: This word further assumes that the complementary set is non-empty, meaning that this word cannot mean "literally and affirmatively all/every/everywhere" (which is "ro"); this is similar to how "{re}" is not the same as "{su'o} re"; in order to include both possibilities, use "{su'osoi'ai}". Additionally, this word can be used as a quantifier. See also: "{soi'au}", "{pisoi'ai}".
soi'au [experimental]
PA
almost none/almost no/almost nowhere (technical sense): the subset of satisfactory such things is null but non-empty.
This word does not potentially include "{no}"; there exists at least one element of the universal set which is satisfactory; for inclusion of either option, use "{su'esoi'au}"; this extra requirement is analogous to "{ci}" not including "{re}" or "{su'e} ci" and is directly similar to the distinction between "soi'au" and "{su'osoi'ai}". This word can be used as a quantifier. See also: "{soi'ai}", "{pisoi'au}".
soi'auroi
ROI*
almost never/nowhere (default: time sense)
This is a very physical interpretation of the "almost nowhere" definition of {soi'au}; in that definition, the space was a set (well, sigma algebra) - but here, it is literally physical spacetime or some subspace thereof.
soi'e [experimental]
MOI
x_1 is PA seconds in duration by standard x_2.
Example "pu lo re soi'e" meaning "two seconds ago". See also {snidu}, {nei'o}, {lei'o}, {jei'o}, {doi'e}, {coi'e}, {moi'e}, {cei'a}.
soi'i [experimental]
SOIhI
head-final content clause relativizer: it turns the current clause into a subordinate content clause, binds it to the {ke'a} pronoun, and restart the current clause afresh (as if its previous content was erased or moved into a hidden prenex).
Example: «ra na pu klama soi'i ke'a se krinu lo du'u lo snime cu carvi», "they didn't come, because it snowed" (notice how {soi'i} forcibly closes the scope of the negator {na}).
so'imei
MOI*
quantified selbri: convert many to cardinal; x_1 is a set with many members x_2 of total set x_3.
so'iroi
ROI*
tense interval modifier: many times; objective tense; defaults as time tense.
soki'o
PA*
number/quantity: 9,000 expressed with comma.
somoi
MOI*
quantified selbri: convert 9 to ordinal selbri; x_1 is ninth among x_2 ordered by rule x_3.
sono
PA*
number/quantity: 90 [ninety].
sonono
PA*
number/quantity: 900 [nine hundred].
so'o
-sos-
PA4
digit/number: several.
so'oi [experimental]
SOhOI
Initiator of subordinating adverbial relative clause with leftwards logical scope. The adverbial clause binds the resumptive pronoun {ke'a} to the outer clause, which becomes irrealis (i.e. not necessarily claimed to be true). Terminator: {se'u}.
This cmavo is synonymous to the so-called "new-soi", described at https://mw.lojban.org/papri/new_soi
so'o'o'oi [experimental]
SE
conversion: adds 1 to index of each place starting from place x_1; the new resulting x_1 is undefined
x_{fai} is not affected.
sosoce'i
PA*
number/quantity: 99% (number).
so'u
-sot-
PA4
digit/number: few.
so'uroi
ROI*
tense interval modifier: a few times; objective tense; defaults as time tense.
sozepimu
PA*
number/quantity: 97.5.
su
SU
erase to start of discourse or text; drop subject or start over.
su'a
UI2
evidential: I generalize - I particularize
discursive: {su'a} - abstractly, {su'anai} - concretely. See also {sucta}, {sucni'i}.
su'a'a [experimental]
UI
discursive: responding quickly - responding after a long time/necroposting.
Derived from either {sutra} or {spuda}.
su'ai [experimental]
PA4
digit/number: precise to within the stated sigfigs (significant figures/digits); approximately, measured to be approximately, with some error/rounding
In the {su'e} and {su'o} family. See also: {su'au}.
su'anai
UI*2
evidential: I generalize - I particularize
discursive: {su'a} - abstractly, {su'anai} - concretely.
su'au [experimental]
PA4
digit/number: exact, exactly equal to, no more and no less, mathematically ideally (no measuring or rounding error)
In the {su'e} and {su'o} family. In some sense, it is equivalent to {su'e} {je} {su'o}; in some sense, it emphasizes the exact equality; but it also can distinguish results from data/measurements and mathematical truths. See also: {su'ai}.
su'e
-sup-
-su'e-
PA4
digit/number: at most (all); no more than.
su'ei [experimental]
SE
shows that the first two places have a reciprocal relation
'mi do su'ei damba' is the same as 'mi do se xi vei pa .e re damba' and means "We fight with each other". Proposed rafsi: -sem-.
su'ero
PA*4
digit/number: any number
"Not more than all"; idiom to indicate that any number (within contextual limits, i.e. {rone'e} {bi'i} {ro}) would satisfy the predicate. {su'o}{no} "at least zero" is also usable in contexts where negative numbers aren't meaningful (e.g. most quantifiers). See {xe'e}, {xo'e}
su'esoi'au
PA*
digit/number: at most almost-none/at most almost-no/at most almost-nowhere; the referent set is null and may even be empty.
Basically equivalent to "{soi'au} {jonai} {no}". This word is very, very closely related to "{pisu'esoi'au}". See also: "{su'osoi'ai}".
su'i
VUhU1
n-ary mathematical operator: plus; addition operator; [(((a + b) + c) + ...)].
See also {vu'u}, {sumji}
su'i'e [experimental]
VUhU
mekso unary operator: digital addition.
Denoted "da" here. Output is in the base of the input (when defined); input should typically be a nonnegative integer expressed in a traditional positional base (such as standard decimal or hexadecimal). Let n = "n_1n_2...n_m" be the input (under the aforementioned conditions), expressed as a string of digits "n_i"; then da(n) = n_1 + n_2 +...+ n_m, where the lhs has the input expressed in some implicit acceptable base and the rhs matches it. Endianness-independent for the standard situation herein defined. See also: "{su'i'o}".
su'ifa'uvu'u
VUhU*
mekso operator: plus or minus with order important, (((a±b)±c)±...±z)
Strictly not "positive or negative" (if order matters, use {ma'ufa'uni'u} instead for that purpose). Subscript {fa'u} when multiple such operators (including "positive or negative" and others) are in use but are applied independently. This word is more useful and more general in mathematics than {su'ijavu'u} is, but is perhaps/arguably less general(ly useful) in Lojban, syntactically speaking, since not all statements have multiple occurrences of {fa'u} that may be linked.
su'ijavu'u
VUhU*
mekso operator: plus or minus, (((a±b)±c)±...±z)
Strictly not "positive or negative" (which is {ma'ujani'u} vel sim.). This word is general but could easily be replaced by {su'ijonaivu'u} when the two options are not equivalent (usually when none of the operands are 0). Not preferred in complicated expressions wherein order of operations is important: see {su'ifa'uvu'u} or {su'ifa'u'aivu'u}.
su'i'o [experimental]
VUhU
mekso unary or binary operator: ordered inputs (n, b) where n and b are nonnegative integers and b > 1; output is the ultimate digital root of n in base-b.
Often denoted "dr". b defaults to whichever base in which n was expressed; output is in base-b. Thus, if we assume the cultural default of the traditional decimal system, then n will be expressed in this base and b will be defaulted to b = 2*5 and thus omitted (yielding an unary operator here). For a fixed base b and n = eval("n_1n_2...n_m") where "n_i" is a digit in base b for each i, if n<b then dr(n, b) = n else dr(n, b) = dr(n_1 + n_ 2 +...+ n_m, b). This might be extended to values of n which are not nonnegative integers via various means such as the piecewise function based on modular arithmetic (although this breaks the intuition that dr(9.9) = 9, for example); it may also be extended to exotic bases. This is repeated self-application (left-composition) "{su'i'e}" until a fixed point (single-digit numeric string) is output.
su'o
-suz-
-su'o-
PA4
digit/number: at least (some); no less than.
su'oi [experimental]
PA4
existential plural quantifier. ``There is/are.''
``{su'oi} {da}'' = ``{na} {ku} {ro'oi} {da} {na} {ku}.'' cf. {su'o} which is an existential singular quantifier.
su'o'o [experimental]
PA
digit/number: strictly greater (more) than 0 but strictly less than all (jbo.: "ro").
Equivalent to the word "some" in "at least some (of) kids are cute" (this would be translated with "su'o su'o'o"; "some" here on its own means "at least 1 but not all" and the "at least" modifies it to be "at least 1 but not necessarily all").
su'oremei
MOI*
quantified selbri: convert at least 2 to cardinal selbri; x_1 is a set with plural membership x_2.
su'oremoi
MOI*
quantified selbri: convert at least 2 to ordinal selbri; x_1 is at-least-2nd among x_2 by rule x_3.
su'osoi'ai
PA*
digit/number: at least almost-all/at least almost-every/at least almost-everywhere; the complementary set is null and may even be empty.
Basically equivalent to "{soi'ai} {jonai} {ro}". See also: {su'esoi'au}.
su'u
-suv-
NU
abstractor: generalized abstractor (how); x_1 is [bridi] as a non-specific abstraction of type x_2.
su'u'u'u'u'u'u'u [experimental]
SUhUhUhUhUhUhUhU
erasure word: delete everything that was ever said in Lojban.
See also {su}.
sy
BY2
letteral for s.
sy'a [experimental]
UI3
Override implicit zo'e-filling of empty argument slots in the current clause, or of the marked tanru-element if this particle is put right after a tanru-element, switching the default filling to existential quantification of lowest logical scope.
sy'au [experimental]
PA
digit/number: nineteen (decimal 19).
sy'y [experimental]
KOhA7
pro-sumti: something or some things (shorthand for "su'oi dzai'i" with lowest local scope).
ta
-taz-
KOhA6
pro-sumti: that there; nearby demonstrative it; indicated thing/place near listener.
ta'a
COI
vocative: interruption.
ta'ai [experimental]
GOhOI
pro-bridi: Quotes a single Lojban word, and turns it into the bridi, "x_1 is the same word-shape as the quoted word"
See {vlatai}.
ta'e
TAhE
tense interval modifier: habitually; subjective tense/modal; defaults as time tense.
ta'ei [experimental]
UI3
discursive: reconsideration of statement - continuing (on) in that line of thought/discussion
Common English phrases that may (based on context) indicate reconsideration of what has been or was about to be said: reconsider, back-pedal, "On second thought", second thinking, "Eh", "Never mind", "Forget that (all)", "I should not have said that", "Actually, ...", conversational U-turn, revise, retrace (with intent to brush aside/over, ignore, move in different direction of conversation), reevaluate, reweigh, review, rethink (that), emend/correct (with intent to avoid a certain path of discussion), etc.
ta'enai
TAhE*
tense interval modifier: non-habitually; subjective tense/modal; defaults as time tense.
ta'i
BAI
tadji modal, 1st place (in manner 3) methodically; by method ...
tai
BAI
tamsmi modal, 1st place (like)/(in manner 2) resembling ...; sharing ideal form ...
{tamsmi} is x_1 resembles x_2 sharing ideal form/shape x_3 in property x_4
tai'a [experimental]
UI
discursive: pay a lot of attention to what I just said - ignore what I just said.
Derived from {ta'a}, with similar meaning but in COI.
tai da'i
BAI+UI
like ..., resembling ..., as if ...
tai da'inai
BAI+UI*
as ..., in the form of ..., in the role of ...
tai'e'i [experimental]
VUhU?
mekso unary operator: basic Schlafli symbol composer (defined only on ordered lists)
Given an ordered (typically finite) list (which is a single object) of zero or more (probably nonnegative) rational numbers, L = (X_1, X_2, ..., X_n). This word composes them in order into a Schlafli symbol S(L) with these entries exactly and without any entries that do not appear in the list so as to produce an (n-1)-dimensional regular polytope. For example: L = () implies that S(L) = S(()) is a line segment. Where L = (6), S(L) = S((6)) is a regular convex hexagon; generally, for integer X_1 > 2, S((X_1)) is a proper convex regular (X_1)-gon. S((X_1, X_2) is a proper convex regular polyhedron with polygonal faces being all of form S((X_1)) such that they are arranged with X_2 touching at each vertex of the polyhedron. Star polytopes and tessellations are supported. More general notation such as Schlafli symbols prefixed by a letter/acted upon by a function, which are affixed with/multiplied by a number or other symbols, which contain "|", etc. are not presently supported in this definition; only the most basic/classic Schlafli symbols (those composed of a single pair of curly braces containing rational numbers separated only by commas, and nothing else) are presently supported. Certain operators (such as "half", "alter", etc., as well as Cartesian product, "add"/"plus", and "join", and affixation of other numbers or symbols) have somewhat special definitions on Schlafli symbols; they are presently not supported in Lojban (but this will hopefully soon change). Not all ordered lists will produce good output. See also: {tarmrclefli}
tai'i [experimental]
COI2
Converts following cmevla or zoi-quote into phenomime.
Broader term than {ci'oi} and {sa'ei}. See also {tai}, {tamsmi}, {ki'ai}. Examples in some languages. jpn: しーん (shiin): soundlessly. kor: 슬슬 (seul-seul): gently. nep: हत्तपत्त (hattapatta): immediately.
tai'i'au [experimental]
VUhU3
8-ary mekso operator: the X_1th nonnegative sum of X_2 mutually-distinct perfect X_3th-powers (i.e.: of integers) in X_4 mutually truly-distinct ways, requiring exactly X_5 terms to be negative in each sum (counting with(out^{X_6}) multiplicity), requiring exactly X_7 terms to be repeated between sums (counting with(out^{X_8}) multiplicity), according to the usual ordering of the integers.
By default, X_1 = 1, X_5 = X_6 = X_7 = X_8 = 0. Use "{su'e}" in X_5 or X_6 for weaker but bounded criteria (this will 'cancel' the corresponding "exactly"). For i being 6 or 8, if X_i is even, then "with multiplicity" is meant in the corresponding clause/requirement which is governed by this parameter; else, X_i is to be odd and "without multiplicity" is meant there. 0 is a valid summand and may be used multiple times. "Truly-distinct ways" in this context includes meanings such as "ignoring both parenthesis/priority and commutation/permutation of terms".
tai'i'e [experimental]
VUhU
mekso unary operator: Kleene star - X1*
ta'i ma
BAI*
sumti question asking for a method; how?.
ta'iroda
anyway, under any method
tai'u [experimental]
TAIhU
(something which approximately has) the abstract shape of the symbol for the previous construct
Best used for letteral/numeral/etc. symbols; control their realization by specifying the script and the font, etc. Quite like {bu}. This is how one says "block O", where "O" is the symbol (approximately a circle, in this case) modified by a font face which is blocky; a "C"-shaped thing is given by "{ro'au'o} {cy} tai'u" or, equivalently in most font faces, "{ru'o} {sy} tai'u".
ta'o
UI3
discursive: by the way - returning to main point.
See also {denpa}, {cneterta'a}.
ta'oi [experimental]
TAhOI
explicit indicator that the speaker is completing/continuing a previously uttered bridi in the discourse
The following text, until the next usage of .{i}, will be interpreted as being attached to a previous bridi, most likely, the most recently uttered one in the discourse/conversation that was not closed with .{i}.
ta'onai
UI*3
discursive: by the way - returning to main point.
ta'u
UI3a
discursive: expanding the tanru - making a tanru.
See also {tanru}.
tau
LAU
2-word letteral/shift: change case for next letteral only.
tau'e [experimental]
LAhE
the abstraction described by text; turns text sumti into abstraction sumti
= {tu'a} {la'e}. See {tu'ai}, {du'au}
ta'u'i [experimental]
TAhUhI
Copy and paste the overall seltau of immediately preceding sumti at this location.
This is a rather basic and crude/clunky form of seltau distribution/duplication. Identifies the most recent sumti (subject to the standard rules of back-counting); in that sumti, it identifies the overall/outermost/last tertau of the whole construct and naively copies all of its seltau, in the order and manner presented, in their entirety; then it pastes them here (where this word was uttered), exactly as they were, as seltau again - this words stands in for that seltau construct and can be replaced by (only) exactly it, in all respects. This means that the seltau may compound with any other seltau present in the current construct; in any case (regardless of the presence of other seltau), the exact semantic interpretation of the referrent/copy-pasted seltau or the tanru construct as a whole may vary from that from which the relevant seltau were copied. Subscript with an integer in order to specify how many sumti to count backward through: "0" indicates the present sumti, "+1" indicates the immediately previous sumti (this is the default or non-subscripted meaning), "n" (for positive integer n) indicates the nth last sumti, "-1" means the next sumti, etc. Since this word acts as a seltau, it will be picked up in an immediately subsequent usage of the same word if the first occurrence is in a sumti. This word must always be followed by an explicit tertau to which it applies. This word need not be used in only sumti. It copies every element of the relevant seltau; it cannot select any proper subsequence thereof. "{si}" deletes this word and, thus, at once all of the would-be pasted words forming the relevant seltau. In "{lo} {cmalu} {je} {cadzu} {klama} {mlatu}", it copies and pastes only and exactly "cmalu je cadzu klama". Couples with JA as any brivla would when the latter is acting as a seltau. See also: {ta'u'u}.
ta'unai
UI*3a
discursive: making a tanru - expanding the tanru.
tau'o [experimental]
TAUhO
Following lujvo takes the form of a tanru (place structure of the lujvo is the same as the last rafsi/gismu)
ta'u'u [experimental]
TAhUhI
Copy and paste the overall tertau of immediately preceding sumti at this location.
Operates just like "{ta'u'i}", except it copies and pastes only the overall/last tertau of the whole construct. It is, basically, like "{ri}", except it may not be a sumti (the ('pasted') result of this word could be used in a tanru or as a selbri) and it only copies the heart/nucleus/head (tertau) of the sumti (rather than the whole thing). In "lo cmalu je cadzu klama mlatu", it copies and pastes only and exactly "mlatu".
tau'u [experimental]
PA5
digit/number: tau (approximately 6.2831...). The constant defined by the ratio of the circumference to the radius of all circles.
Defaults to Euclidean geometric case (with the 2-norm). Context or explicit specification of overriding this default or of a different geometry can alter its value. See also: "{pai}". Proposed (experimental) {cmarafsi}: "-tux-".
te
-ter-
SE
3rd conversion; switch 1st/3rd places.
te'a
VUhU2
binary mathematical operator: to the power; exponential; [a to the b power].
see {tenfa}
te'a'a [experimental]
BAI
tekla modal: with key/button... (computer game context)
e.g. "use the spacebar to jump" could be translated as "plipe te'a'a la canlu". See also: {tekla}.
te'ai [experimental]
XI
Exponentiation of unit selbri
With {pi'ai}, this word can be used to construct unit selbri; see the notes of {pi'ai} for a simple example. A full example is the units of acceleration, pi'ai mitre snidu te'ai ni'u re [ke'e]. See also {fei'u}
te'au [experimental]
iterated Cartesian product with self: A × A × ... × A, n times.
Probably belongs to selma'o VUhU but, since it is iterated JOI, there is the case for that. First argument A is a set or similar object; second argument n is a nonnegative integer; the result is the cross-product of A with itself n times. Used as a shortcut for longer, arguably more preferable, constructions so that one can more closely say "R three" and mean R^3. Emphatically not equivalent to exponentiation; it only works on sets and similar objects. See also: {te'a}, {pi'u}, {se'au}.
te'au'u [experimental]
VUhU
mekso ternary operator: Knuth up-arrow notation: a \\uparrow \\dots \\uparrow b of order/with c-2 arrows ("\\uparrow") initially, evaluated from right to left; the cth hyperoperator on a by b.
c must be a nonnegative integer. c=0 is the lowest-order hyperoperator in the structure. Thus, for integers: c=0 is succession of/on b (in which case a can be omitted or be any number), c=1 is addition, c=2 is multiplication, c=3 is exponentiation, c=4 is tetration, etc. Notice that right-grouping is in effect for all c; thus x*(y*z) is calculated, rather than (x*y)*z. See also: {de'au'u}, {fe'au'u}.
tebau
BAI*
bangu modal, 3rd place (expression) language expressing ...
tebe'i
BAI*
benji modal, 3rd place (source) sent to receiver ...
teca'i
BAI*
catni modal, 3rd place authoritatively; with basis of authority ...
teci'e
BAI*
ciste modal, 3rd place of system components ...
teci'o
BAI*
cinmo modal, 3rd place (attitude about) emotionally; emoting about ...
tecu'u
BAI*
cusku modal, 3rd place (3rd party hearsay) as told to ...
tede'i
BAI*
detri modal, 3rd place on a date measured at location ...
tedi'o
BAI*
diklo modal, 3rd place locally; at specific locus within range ...
tedu'i
BAI*
dunli modal, 3rd place equally; equal in property ...
tedu'o
BAI*
djuno modal, 3rd place knowingly; knowing about ...
te'e
FAhA3
location tense relation/direction; edged by/edging up to ...
te'e'a [experimental]
SEhEhI
2-Merge Conversion: placed immediately before a selbri, merges x_2 and x_3 places.
See also: "{se'e'i}", "{ve'e'a}", "{xe'e'a}", "{ze'e'a}", "{ve'e'u}", "{xe'e'o}", "{ze'e'e}".
te'e'i [experimental]
SEhEhI
placed before a selbri, merges x1 and x3 places (with the new x1 being equivalent to the result of this merging).
Causes relabelling such that all slots subsequent to x_3 in the original brivla have their indices decremented by 1; for example, the original x_4 becomes the new x_3; notice that x_2 is not altered in index or meaning. See also {se'e'i}, {ve'e'i}, {xe'e'i}, {ze'e'i}, {te'e'a}, {ze'e'au}.
te'ei [experimental]
COI
Vocative: request/command that recipient acknowledge having received (and understood) the message (iff they did (and do)) - no need to respond
tefi'e
BAI*
finti modal, 3rd place creatively; created for purpose ...
tefi'ei
BAI
ifle modal, 3rd place: "otherwise..." (du'u or nu)
See {fi'ei}, {ifle}, {ganai}
tega'a
BAI*
zgana modal, 3rd place observed by means ...
te'i [experimental]
BAI
at a point on time axis
{temjudri} modal. See also {de'i} and {ti'u}. ex.) su'o da nuntumdesku te'i li re no pa mu pi'e mu pi'e ci no pi'e re no pi'e re vo noi sinxa lo mentu ku'o te te'i u'y ty cy xi ma'u so (There was an earthquake at 2015-05-30 20:24 UTC+9.) / su'o da nuntumdesku te'i li re vo mu ze pa ze re pi so ze mu te te'i la juli'us (There was an earthquake at 2457172.975 of Julian date.)
tei
TEI
composite letteral follows; used for multi-character letterals.
te'i'ai [experimental]
VUhU
6-ary mekso/mathematical operator: Heaviside function/step/Theta function of a, of order b, in structure c, using distribution d, within approximated limit e, with value f_b at 0
Explanation: A sequence/family of (strictly monotonically increasingly, ordered) indexed function distributions (d), each of which is of/with respect to/in variable/indeterminant a, is considered; they must have the property that, as the index increases, they converge to some value (described later and determined by b, e, and f_b) for all a. This happens on structure c, which defines what various values and limits mean. b is the 'order' of the result of this convergence (so that it is the bth-order integral (equivalently, -bth-order derivative) of the Heaviside step/Theta function with respect to a so that b = -1 yields the Dirac delta 'function' centered/with interesting point at 0, b = 0 yields the Heaviside step/Theta function with respect to a centered at/with interesting point 0, etc.). Natural numbers (or 0) for b yield a 'special' polynomial (let us call it p) of that order in indeterminant a for all values of a greater than 0 and 0 for all values of a less than 0 so that p(a) = a^b Theta(a). Input e is for when the particular functions in d are of interest and only e of them have been computed (so that, for finite e, the output is not exactly the bth order Heaviside function); in other words, the limit of the family indices is being taken to e; this is of particular importance for negative values of b: |b| > 1, since they will not be identically 0 in some sense (else, all information is lost about the special structure/nature of this function). The contextless defaults are: b = 0, c is the field of real numbers (with absolute value norm and ordering due to signed absolute value), d is bth-order integral of ((1 + y + z * erf(k a / (2^(1/2)) ) ) / 2)-like functions that are properly normalized and are of proper height, e is infinity (countable). Heaviside(0,0,...,f_0) = 1/2 = f_0 is typical and is a contextless default for b = 0 (however, it may in particular be set to 0 or 1 so that the function is left-/right-continuous at a = 0; for values of b other than 0, f_b = 0 is the contextless default; note that f_(-1) must be infinity 'of the proper magnitude' (it cannot be specified to be otherwise). See also: {zdeltadirake}
tei'au [experimental]
VUhU
4-ary mekso operator: Taylor expansion/polynomial term; for ordered input (X_1, X_2, X_3, X_4), output is the X_3th Taylor polynomial term of at-least-X_3-smooth function X_2 which was expanded around point X_4 and which is evaluated at point X_1, namely (1/(X_3!)) * (D^{X_3}(X_2))(X_4) * (X_1-X_4)^{X_3}.
All of the usual assumptions must apply in order to be well-defined. X_3 must be a nonnegative integer. X_2 must be a function with at least X_3 derivatives on the interval disc/interval defined by X_1 and X_4 such that said derivative takes values for which the other operators make sense (and finity is usually assumed). X_1 and X_4 must be elements of the domain of X_2 (and the X_3th derivative thereof in the latter case). The notation "(D^{X_3}(X_2))(X_4)" represents the X_3th derivative of X_2, applied to X_4; the "!" notation represents the factorial.
tei'i [experimental]
UI
discursive: Especially, foremost, primarily, chiefly, preëminently, importantly, significantly (laïc or statistics technical sense), in particular, strongly, notably - in common with, commonly, generally, usually, ordinarily, unnoteably.
te'i'o [experimental]
UI3
discursive: specified by the speaker - unspecified by the speaker
Used to indicate that a referent(s) of the preceding word/structure (usually sumti) is/are specified by the speaker; See also {steci}, {sanji}
tei'o [experimental]
UI
discursive: in theory - in practice.
See {zu'u}, {ku'i}, {je'u}.
tei'u [experimental]
TEIhU
elidable terminator of a JAhOI construct
See also: {ja'oi}
teja'i
BAI*
javni modal, 3rd place orderly; by rule within system ...
teji'e
BAI*
jimte modal, 3rd place limitedly; limited in property/domain ...
teji'o
BAI*
jitro modal, 3rd place controlledly; controlling event ...
teka'a
BAI*
klama modal, 3rd place with origin ...
teka'i
BAI*
krati modal, 2nd place representingly; representing in matter...
teki'i
BAI*
ckini modal, 3rd place with relation ...
tekoi
BAI*
korbi modal, 3rd place (bounding) bordering ...
tela'u
BAI*
klani modal, 3rd place quantity measured on scale ...
tele'a
BAI*
klesi modal, 3rd place (category) defined by quality ...
teli'e
BAI*
lidne modal, 3rd place ordered within sequence ...; non-time sequence.
tema'e
BAI*
marji modal, 3rd place in material form ...
tema'i
BAI*
manri modal, 3rd place (of reference) observed/measured with/by rules ...
temau
BAI*
zmadu modal, 3rd place (relative!) more than/exceeding in property ...
teme'a
BAI*
mleca modal, 3rd place (relative!) less than in property ...
teme'e
BAI*
cmene modal, 3rd place as a name used by ...
temu'i
BAI*
mukti modal, 3rd place motivated/motivating per the volition of ...
temu'u
BAI*
mupli modal, 3rd place as an example out of the set of ...
teni'i
BAI*
nibli modal, 3rd place entailment under logic system ...
te'o
PA5
digit/number: exponential e (approx 2.71828...).
te'o'a [experimental]
VUhU
unary mekso operator: natural exponentiation operator exp, where exp(a) = e^a \\forall a.
Approximately equivalent to "{se} {te'a} {te'o}" possibly with {ma'o} included somewhere. This is mostly useful for abbreviation and for being careful in distinguishing functions from numbers (since e^x is a number and not a function; this word is e^{\\#} using Wolfram notation). For example: Let D be the differentiation operator with respect to the first variable of its argument. Then D(e^x)=0 at best, strictly speaking, because x must be just a number and so the differentiand is a constant (in fact and at worst, it may not even be a function, in which case the derivative is not even defined); we accept this notation to mean something else (which will be shown momentarily) because few other notations are convenient. However, what we really mean, and what this word facilitates, is: D(exp)=exp; this is true because the differentiand is a differentiable (and special) function. This word is related to {te'a} in a fashion analgpus to the ordered relation between {fa'i} (resp. {va'a}) and {fi'u} (resp. {vu'u}). The domain and codomain sets are purposefully vague.
te'oi [experimental]
NU
x_1 (set of points in time) is a time of [bridi] taking place.
The inner bridi is realis. See also {xe'ei}.
te'oi'i [experimental]
VUhU
mekso ordered/non-commutative n-ary operator: tensor product/exterior product (of tensors); letting "@" denote the tensor product, A_1 @ A_2 @...@ A_{n} .
Frequently denoted by a circled saltire. For all i, A_{i} must be a tensor itself. In order to operate on the level of the space as a whole (such as when combining vector spaces via the tensor product), couple this word with "{kei'au}".
te'oi'oi [experimental]
TEhOIhOI
terminator, mekso: terminates the listing of an ordered sequence of indices for a tensor
Terminates members of selma'o GAhUhAU.
tepa'a
BAI*
panra modal, 3rd place (property) contrastingly; contrasting in property ...
tepi'o
BAI*
pilno modal, 3rd place (instrumental) a tool usage for purpose ...
tepo'i
BAI*
porsi modal, 3rd place sequentially; as an order on set of items ...
tepu'a
BAI*
pluka modal, 3rd place pleasingly; being pleasing under conditions ...
tepu'e
BAI*
pruce modal, 3rd place (outputs) processing into outputs ...
terai
BAI*
traji modal, 3rd place (superlative) -est; most extremely; at extreme ...
teri'a
BAI*
rinka modal, 3d place (phys./mental) causally under conditions ...
tesau
BAI*
sarcu modal, 3rd place (conditions 2) necessarily; necessarily under ...
tese
SE*
(3, 1, 2)rd conversion
The first terbri is now what was the third terbri, the second terbri is now what was the first terbri, and the third terbri is now what was the second terbri.
tesete
SE*
complicated selbri conversion: exchange x2 and x3
Equivalent to {setese}.
tesi'u
BAI*
sidju modal, 3rd place assisting in doing/maintaining/achieving ...
teta'i
BAI*
tadji modal, 3rd place methodically doing (something) under conditions ...
tetai
BAI*
tamsmi modal, 3rd place similarly; sharing common ideal form ...
{tamsmi} is x_1 resembles x_2 sharing ideal form/shape x_3 in property x_4
teti'i
BAI*
stidi modal, 3rd place suggestively; suggested to ...
teti'u
BAI*
tcika modal, 3rd place (for letters) as a time on day ...
te'u
TEhU
elidable terminator: end conversion between non-mex and mex; usually elidable.
teva'u
BAI*
xamgu modal, 3rd place good/beneficial by standard ...
tezu'e
BAI*
zukte modal, 3rd place purposefully; (as an action) with goal ...
ti
-tif-
KOhA6
pro-sumti: this here; immediate demonstrative it; indicated thing/place near speaker.
ti'a
FAhA2
location tense relation/direction; rearwards/to the rear of ...
ti'e
UI2
evidential: I hear (hearsay).
See also {tirna}, {sitna}, {tcidu}.
ti'i
BAI
stidi modal, 1st place suggested by ...; proposed by ...
ti'o
SEI
mathematical expression (mex) operator precedence (discursive).
ti'oi [experimental]
LE
demonstrative article: the … which I'm currently pointing to or am otherwise attracting your attention to.
ti'u
BAI
tcika modal, 1st place (for letters) associated with time ... ; attach time stamp.
ti'u'a [experimental]
BAI
at N o'clock; at the hour N of the day.
{djecacrytcika} modal. ex. lo trene cu cliva ti'u'a li so (The train departs at nine o'clock.) See also {ti'u}; {ti'u'e}, {ti'u'i}.
ti'u'e [experimental]
BAI
at the minute N of the hour.
{cacryme'utcika} modal. ex. mi ti xrukla ti'u'e li ci no (I will be back at thirty minutes past the hour.) See also {ti'u}; {ti'u'a}, {ti'u'i}.
ti'u'i [experimental]
BAI
at the second N of the minute.
{metnidytcika} modal. ex. samymri ti mi ti'u'i li vo xa (This was e-mailed to me at 46 seconds past the minute.) See also {ti'u}; {ti'u'a}, {ti'u'e}.
to
TO
left parenthesis; start of parenthetical note which must be grammatical Lojban text.
to'a
BY1
lower-case letteral shift.
to'ai [experimental]
SE
conversion: move/promote ['drag-and-drop'] 3rd place to 1st position. Everything else stays in the same order.
Before: x1 x2 x3 x4 x5, after: x3 x1 x2 x4 x5. Has the same effect as "te se". Proposed rafsi: -toz-. See also {vo'ai}, {xo'ai}.
to'au [experimental]
FAhO
Toaq toggle: Toggles text to Toaq language; marks following text as Toaq text.
to'e
-tol-
-to'e-
NAhE
polar opposite scalar negator.
to'ebo
NAhE+BO
negation sumti qualifier: the opposite of.
Cf. {to'e}, {bo}, {na'ebo}, {no'ebo}, {je'abo}.
to'ei'au [experimental]
VUhU
binary mathematical operator: Jordan totient function J_a(b)
Produces the number of a-tuples of strictly positive integers all less than or equal to b that form a coprime (a+1)-tuple together with b. J_1=Phi where Phi is the Euler totient function.
to'eki'unai
BAI*
na'e tolki'u modal, first place; despite the reason...
Cf. {na'e} {tolki'u}
to'emu'inai
BAI*
na'e tolmu'i modal, first place; despite the motive...
Cf. {na'e}, {tolmu'i}.
to'eni'inai
BAI*
na'e tolni'i modal, first place; despite the logically sufficient condition...
Cf. {na'e}, {tolni'i}.
to'eri'anai
BAI*
na'e tolri'a modal, first place; despite the cause...
Cf. {na'e}, {tolri'a}.
to'i
TO
open editorial unquote (within a quote); contains grammatical text; mark with editorial insert.
toi
TOI
elidable terminator: right parenthesis/end unquote; seldom elidable except at end of text.
toi'e [experimental]
TOIhE
start UI-applicative metalinguistic UI-parenthetical
Presently (without this word), there is no "official" way to apply a UI cmavo to another (instead, they merely express simultaneous emotions pertaining to the relevant construct). This word begins a parenthetical which can contain UI cmavo and applies these cmavo as a string of UI to the immediately previous UI cmavo metalinguistically (as if the external UI is/are any other type of word which can be acted upon by UI). An omitted UI (external or internal) in this case is equivalent to {ge'e}. Since the produced parenthetical functions as UI, nested or subsequent such parentheticals operate on it as it operates on external UI cmavo. For details on grouping and application, see {koi'e}. See also: {toi'o}.
toi'o [experimental]
TOIhO
end UI-applicative metalinguistic UI-parenthetical (elidable terminator)
Terminates {toi'e} parenthetical. Inherently functions as {fu'o} (only if abstraction-level and otherwise appropriately accessed) on any internal UI cmavo, with the added functionality of metalinguistic application. See also: {toi'e}.
to'o
FAhA4
location tense relation/direction; departing from/directly away from ...
to'u
UI3
discursive: in brief - in detail.
See also {tordu}, {clani}, {tcidu}.
to'unai
UI*3
discursive: in brief - in detail.
tu
-tuf-
KOhA6
pro-sumti: that yonder; distant demonstrative it; indicated thing far from speaker and listener.
tu'a
LAhE
extracts a concrete sumti from an unspecified abstraction; equivalent to le nu/su'u [sumti] co'e.
tu'ai [experimental]
LU
abstraction described by quoted text
Turns any grammatical quoted text into an abstraction. Terminated by {li'u}. Equivalent to {tu'a} {la'e} {lu}, or {du'au} {lu}. See {tau'e}.
tu'e
TUhE
start of multiple utterance scope; used for logical/non-logical/ordinal joining of sentences.
tu'ei [experimental]
SE
makes a new selbri, the first two places of which are to be filled with sumti from the first two abstraction places of the selbri following this word
'ko'a jai broda tu'a ko'e' = 'ko'a tu'ei broda ko'e'
tu'i
BAI
stuzi modal, 1st place (used to situate letters) associated with site ... ; label with location.
tu'o
PA5
null operand (used in unary mekso operations).
See also {xo'e}.
tu'oi [experimental]
KOhA7
null connective operand; used to fill empty places in JOI
Used with JOI to create sets/masses/sequences containing zero or one members. "{tu'oi} {ce} {tu'oi}" = the empty set ({lo} {kutysetmima}), "la .djon. {joi} {tu'oi}" = the mass consisting of only John. See {tu'o}, {zi'o}, {zai'o}
tu'oi'u [experimental]
KOhA7
end connective string, set, list such that the set of terms provided is exhaustive.
The use of this word in a connective string indicates that the connectands (or entries in a list or elements in the set) are all of the terms for which the speaker knows/intends/believes the statement to be true. Nothing else can fill that terbri or be term in the list or set in that terbri, according to the speaker; those terms which are explicitly mentioned form a complete set of possible terms. "la .alys. .e la .bab. .e tu'oi'e broda" means that Alice brodas, Bob brodas, and no-one else brodas. In some contexts "no lo drata" may not be terribly appropriate or clean; this word should satisfy this need. It differs from simply terminating the terbri because that, in some contexts, leaves open the possibility that the terms explicitly mentioned are all good but the set of terms provided is not exhaustive. {tu'oi} is an empty term; this term is empty but also completes the list in theory.
tu'u
TUhU
elidable terminator: end multiple utterance scope; seldom elidable.
ty
BY2
letteral for t.
u
A
logical connective: sumti afterthought whether-or-not.
u'a
UI1
attitudinal: gain - loss.
See also {jinga}, {selne'u}, {prali}, {cirko}.
ua
UI1
attitudinal: discovery - confusion/searching.
See also {facki}, {cfipu}, {sisku}.
u'ai [experimental]
UI1
attitudinal: triumph/victory - draw/tie/inconclusive - defeat/loss
Does not imply superiority. Related to: {io}, {o'a}, {ui}, {oinai}, {uo}, {u'a}.
uai [experimental]
UI1
attitudinal: friendly/friendishly/amicably/companionship/compatriotship/comradeship - antagonistically/enemyishly
See also: {ai}, {au}, {iu}, {o'e}, {ua}, {ui}, {kansa}, {pendo}, {prami}
u'anai
UI*1
attitudinal: gain - loss.
uanai
UI*1
attitudinal: discovery - confusion/searching.
uau [experimental]
UI1
Attitudinal: impressed/amazed - unimpressed (neutral)/blasé/bland/commonplace - unimpressed (negative)/disappointed/bored
Not necessarily positive (one can be inpressed by/amazed by another's foolishness, ignorance, etc., for example; this feeling of amazement is not quite ironic or sarcastic, but it is a bit wry).
uau'o [experimental]
UI
Attitudinal: encouragement - (not engaged) - discouragement
Could be screamed at a sporting event in order to cheer on one's team/players/contender.
ubu
bu-letteral
BY*
letteral for u.
u'e
UI1
attitudinal: wonder - commonplace.
See also {manci}, {fadni}.
ue
UI1
attitudinal: surprise - not really surprised - expectation.
See also {spaji}.
uecu'i
UI*1
attitudinal: surprise - not really surprised
expectation axis
ue'e [experimental]
UI
discursive: counter-expectational – – aligning with expectations
This is typically denoted by the corrective meaning of the word "actually" in English, as in: "I actually do know how to tie my shoes, thanks" (this example also has some snark, sarcasm, or anger in it probably), "Leaded glass actually does not slowly melt or pool over time – that is a common double-misconception", or "Well, actually, [...]". In these sentences, there is no implication of surprise for the utterer, and possibly not for the other parties; it can even come up in response to a self-posed rhetorical question. It indicates that the claimed truth is contrary to what may be (but not necessarily truly is) one's expectations or previous notions or knowledge or experience.
ue'i [experimental]
UI1
attitudinal: excitement - lack of excitement - boredom
Used to express excitement (enthusiasm, exhilaration). The opposite expresses boredom (dullness), while the cu'i-form expresses "indifference". See {fizbu}, {tolzdi}
uei [experimental]
UI3a
discursive: optional answer premarker
See also {pau}, {spuda}
uei'e [experimental]
UI
attitudinal: excited encouragement
Used to show excited encouragement, e.g. "Let's play!". = {ue'i} + {e'e}. See {fizbu}, {talsa}
u'enai
UI*1
attitudinal: wonder - commonplace.
uenai
UI*1
attitudinal: surprise - expectation.
uepei
UI*1
attitudinal: surprise question.
u'i
UI1
attitudinal: amusement - weariness.
See also {selzdi}, {selxajmi}, {xalbo}.
ui
UI1
attitudinal: happiness - unhappiness.
See also {gleki}.
ui'a [experimental]
UI
excitement/squealing for pleasurable reasons - dullness/disinterest/disengagement - hissing/squealing for unpleasant reasons/disfavor
Perhaps "yahoo" too, in some contexts.
uibu
bu-letteral
BY*
letteral: happiness symbol (letteral).
ui'i [experimental]
UI1
Attitudinal: feel like laughing - neither laughing nor crying - feel like crying
To .ui'inmo is to feel the internal feeling that tends to manifest as laughing, and to .ui'irnainmo is to feel the internal feeling that tends to manifest as crying, but it's sometimes possible to stop the feelings from being shown externally in your body.
u'inai
UI*1
attitudinal: amusement - weariness.
uinai
UI*1
attitudinal: happiness - unhappiness.
ui'o [experimental]
UI
cheering/clapping/congratulating/adulation/bravo/praise - neither favorable nor unfavorable judgment - booing/hissing/jeering/disfavor
Typically oriented outward/for the benefit or recognition of another. See also: "{bravi}".
ui'y [experimental]
BY*
letteral for :)
Synonynous with .{uibu}. [This word is presently not allowed by morphological and phonotactic constraints. See: .{a'y}, .{y'i}]
u'o
UI1
attitudinal: courage - timidity - cowardice.
See also {virnu}.
uo
UI1
attitudinal: completion - incompleteness.
See also {mulno}, {mansa}, {fanmo}, {snada}.
u'ocu'i
UI*1
attitudinal: courage - timidity - cowardice.
uoi [experimental]
UI3a
discursive: marks question construct as allowing filling it with answers that are non-referential constructs only
An answer to '{cusku} {ma}' can only be a text like '{zo} {mi}' or '{me'o} {my} {ce'o} {me'o} {i} {bu}' but not a referential construct like {ko'a} or {lo} {se} {ciska}. See also {mai'e}.
u'onai
UI*1
attitudinal: courage - timidity - cowardice.
uonai
UI*1
attitudinal: completion - incompleteness.
uo'o [experimental]
UI1
savoring the now (wishing time would stand still) - patience/indifference toward time passing - impatience (wishing time would move faster)
See also {o'o}, for "patience" in the sense of being patient with someone's behavior (not getting angry with them). See also: "{fizde}".
u'u
UI1
attitudinal: repentance - lack of regret - innocence.
See also {xenru}, {zugycni}.
uu
UI1
attitudinal: pity - cruelty.
See also {kecti}.
u'ucu'i
UI*1
attitudinal: repentance - lack of regret - innocence.
uu'i [experimental]
UI1
attitudinal: feeling schadenfreude (pleasure from someone's misfortune) - denying feeling schadenfreude.
Formed from clashing {uu} and {u'i} together. See the brivla equivalent, {cadnfroide}.
u'unai
UI*1
attitudinal: repentance - lack of regret - innocence.
uunai
UI*1
attitudinal: pity - cruelty.
u'y [experimental]
BY
letteral for u.
Synonymous with the original CLL definition of .{ubu}.
uy [experimental]
BY
letteral for the u semi-vowel, sometimes written as ŭ
va
-vaz-
VA
location tense distance: near to ... ; there at ...; a medium/small distance from ...
va'a
VUhU3
unary mathematical operator: additive inverse; [- a].
va'au [experimental]
KE
starts a tanru group with jvajvo-like semantic composition, keeping left grouping.
Etymology: "jvatau".
va'au'au [experimental]
VUhU3
Binary mekso operator: group-theoretic conjugation (group action): maps inputs (X_1, X_2, X_3) to X_2^{(-X_3)} * X_1 * X_2^{X_3} = \\phi_{(X_2^{(-X_3)})}(X_1). Default: X_3 = 1.
Assumes that the inverse of X_2 is defined; inherits the group operator '*' (which is binary and left-groups/evaluates from the left) from context and assumes that it is defined for the given input pairs. X_3 will typically be \\pm 1. Negative 'exponents' denote inverses; an 'exponent' of 0 denotes the jdentity element for the group.
va'e
MOI
convert number to scalar selbri; x_1 is at (n)th position on scale x_2.
va'ei [experimental]
ROI
converts number to scalar tag; specifies the value on fuzzy logic scale; to the degree (n) on scale ...
va'ei'a [experimental]
PA5
digit/number: Dom Hans van der Laan's plastic number ρ = 1.324717957244746025960908854…
The unique real solution of (x^3)-x-1=0; algebraic.
va'i
UI3
discursive: in other words - in the same words.
See also {cneselsku}.
vai
PA2
digit/number: hex digit F (decimal 15) [fifteen].
Experimental rafsi: -vav-
va'icu'i
UI*
discursive: in the same words.
In the CLL {va'i} is defined as "in other words" while {va'i} {nai} is "in the same words", leaving "va'i cu'i" undefined. The entry for this cmavo compound is essentially a proposal to redefine the {va'i} spectrum slightly, to make it a little more like the similar discursive {ta'u}. Consider the English sentences: (A) "Gold has atomic number 79, in other words, there are 79 protons in a gold nucleus." (B) "There are 79 protons in a gold nucleus, in other words, gold has atomic number 79." In English, in both A and B, the parts are discursively connected by the same "in other words" connective, even though the connection is in two mutually opposite directions. To understand that there really is a difference between the two, consider another pair of sentences: (A') "According to the Bible, God made the world in six days, in other words, it took almost a week to make everything around us." (B') "According to the Bible, it took almost a week to make everything around us, in other words, God made the world in six days." Unlike A and B, from among the pair A' and B', only A' makes sense, B' sounds absurd. The proposal is to redefine Lojban's {va'i} and {va'i} {nai}, in the motivation to give {va'i} {nai} more of a use, to reflect this very Lojbanic difference in direction, which English cannot capture. This compound, i.e. "va'i cu'i" would then acquire the meaning of "in the same words". There is no set in stone rule for which of {va'i} and {va'i} {nai} stands for which direction for any given two pair of sentences: however, if one of them is used to connect them in one way, then the other one would connect them in the reverse order. "broda .i va'i nai brode" simply is defined as equivalent to "brode .i va'i broda". See also {ta'u}, a similar discursive that inspired this proposal.
va'inai
UI*3
discursive: in other words - in the same words.
va'o
BAI
vanbi modal, 1st place (conditions 1) under conditions ...; in environment ...
va'oi [experimental]
UI3a
discursive: forces jvajvo reading of the preceding brivla; +nai: forces naljvajvo reading of the preceding brivla.
va'u
BAI
xamgu modal, 1st place beneficiary case tag complement benefiting from ...
vau
VAU
elidable: end of sumti in simple bridi; in compound bridi, separates common trailing sumti.
vau'a [experimental]
KOhA4
pro-sumti: repeats the most recent 1st argument slot (fa-slot).
See also: {vo'a}, {vau'e}, {vau'i}, {vau'o}, {vau'u}.
va'u'ai [experimental]
UI
describing word / situation: have checked a dictionary - denying either - not have checked a dictionary.
vau'au'o [experimental]
PA5
omega constant, Lambert product-log W(1)
See also: {dei'au'o}
vau'e [experimental]
KOhA4
pro-sumti: repeats the most recent 2nd argument slot (fe-slot).
See also: {vo'e}, {vau'a}, {vau'i}, {vau'o}, {vau'u}.
vau'e'oi [experimental]
VAUhEhOI
interval bracket ordered tuple introducer
Elidable terminator: {vau'o'oi}. This word is part of a proposal to extend the definitions of interval notation to arbitrary dimensionality; the result is treated as a single occurrence of GAhO*. See: https://mw.lojban.org/index.php?title=Extended_Dimensionality_of_Interval_cmavo .
vau'i [experimental]
VUhU
mekso n-ary operator: reciprocal of the successive ordered-difference of the reciprocal of each of x_1, x_2, ..., x_n; id est output is ((\\dots ((x_1^{-1} - x_2^{-1}) - x_3^{-1}) - \\dots) - x_n^{-1} )^{-1}
Inverse of "{sau'i}".
vau'o [experimental]
KOhA4
pro-sumti: repeats the most recent 4th argument slot (fo-slot).
See also: {vo'o}, {vau'a}, {vau'e}, {vau'i}, {vau'u}.
vau'o'oi [experimental]
VAUhOhOI
interval bracket ordered tuple terminator
Terminates the most recently introduced as-of-yet open {vau'e'oi} structure. See: https://mw.lojban.org/index.php?title=Extended_Dimensionality_of_Interval_cmavo .
vau'u [experimental]
KOhA4
pro-sumti: repeats the most recent 5th argument slot (fu-slot).
See also: {vo'u}, {vau'a}, {vau'e}, {vau'i}, {vau'o}.
ve
-vel-
SE
4th conversion; switch 1st/4th places.
ve'a
VEhA
location tense interval: a small/medium region of space.
ve'ai [experimental]
DOI
vocative marker: identifies the station(s) to which a message is to be sent and at the same time prepares a universe of discourse by filtering from a stream of messages only those said by that station(s)
Use {jo'u} to join universes of discourse from several stations, {mi} is a valid station. {go'i} and {go'oi} used together with this particle refer to the filtered universe of discourse. See also {doi}, {mi'e}.
vebe'i
BAI*
benji modal, 4th place transmit origin ...
veci'e
BAI*
ciste modal, 4th place as a system with synergy in ...
vecu'u
BAI*
cusku modal, 4th place in expression medium ...
vede'i
BAI*
detri modal, 4th place on a date according to calendar ...
vedu'o
BAI*
djuno modal, 4th place under epistemology ...
ve'e
-ve'e-
VEhA
location tense interval: the whole of space.
ve'e'a [experimental]
SEhEhI
2-Merge Conversion: placed immediately before a selbri, merges x_2 and x_4 places.
See also: "{se'e'i}", "{te'e'a}", "{xe'e'a}", "{ze'e'a}", "{ve'e'u}", "{xe'e'o}", "{ze'e'e}".
ve'e'i [experimental]
SEhEhI
placed before a selbri, merges x1 and x4 places.
See also {se'e'i}, {te'e'i} and {xe'e'i}.
ve'ei [experimental]
COI
Vocative: from station - to station
The sumti that follows is the name/callsign (technically: referrent thereof) of the station which sent the message (where the utterer is located). Negation of this word specifies the station of the receiver. Use {ma} in order to ask for information about the location.
ve'e'u [experimental]
SEhEhI
2-Merge Conversion: placed immediately before a selbri, merges x_3 and x_4 places.
See also: "{se'e'i}", "{te'e'a}", "{xe'e'u}", "{ze'e'u}", "{xe'e'o}", "{ze'e'e}".
vefi'e
BAI*
finti modal, 4th place creatively; created from ideas/elements ...
vega'a
BAI*
zgana modal, 4th place (under conditions) observed under observing conditions ...
ve'i
VEhA
location tense interval: a tiny region of space.
vei
VEI
left mathematical bracket.
veibu
bu-letteral
BY*
letteral: left bracket (letteral).
vei'e [experimental]
VUhU1
mekso binary operator – quotient from integer-division: sgn(X_1) sgn(X_2) ((abs(X_1) - (abs(X_1) \\% X_2))/X_2).
X_1, X_2 are not restricted to integers; they can be any complex numbers, although X_2 will typically be a positive real and the definition will need to be adjusted if they are not real. "\\%" denotes the modulus operator ("{vei'u}"). vei'e(0, n) = 0 for all n > 0; vei'e(9, 3) = 3; vei'e(10, 3) = 3; vei'e(-5.2, 2.5) = -2, vei'e(-17.23 + e/1000, 1) = -17; vei'e(4, -1) = -4; vei'e(-6.3, -1) = 6.
vei'i [experimental]
UI2
evidential: I remember (experiencing) - I deny remembering
See {moi'i}, {vedli}, {morji}, {kai'e}, {lai'i}. Split from {ba'a} so that it can be properly negated with {nai} or questioned with {pei}
vei'o [experimental]
VUhU3
binary mekso operator: form quotient space X_1/X_2.
This word generates/outputs quotient space Q = X_1/X_2. X_1 is an algebraic structure. X_2 is a subset of the set underlying X_1 such exactly and all of the elements of X_2 are those elements which are treated as equalling the relevant identity element (0) in Q (when there is ambiguity, then 0 is the additive identity element in Q). X_2 is the equivalence class of 0 in Q; thus, X_2 can also be denoted by an equivalence relation. Closely related to "{vei'e}", "{vei'u}".
vei'u [experimental]
VUhU1
binary mekso operator: mod(ulus)/remainder; X_1 \\% X_2, \\,\\,\\, X_1 (mod(X_2)).
Denoted as "\\%" in C++. This is a basic arithmetic operator in some programming languages. x \\% y is in [0, y) for all real numbers x and y, such that/where y > 0 definitionally, and outputs the modulus/remainder of its left-hand/first input (here: x) wrt/when integer-dividing it by its right-hand/second input (here: y); in other words, let n be the greatest integer such that n y =< abs(x), then this function yields abs(x) - n y. This function can also be used in order to define the fractional-part function (define y=1). See also: "{vei'e}".
veka'a
BAI*
klama modal, 4th place via route ...
vemau
BAI*
zmadu modal, 4th place (relative!) more than/exceeding by amount ...
veme'a
BAI*
mleca modal, 4th place (relative!) less than by amount ...
ve'o
VEhO
right mathematical bracket.
ve'obu
bu-letteral
BY*
letteral: right bracket (letteral).
ve'oi [experimental]
VEhO
Close all open mathematical brackets.
If there are n still-open mathematical brackets (that is: unpaired "{vei}"s) prior to this word, then this word (without subscript) is equivalent to "{ve'o} ve'o ... ve'o" (where there are n "ve'o"s in that string). If it is "{xi}"-subscripted by a nonnegative integer m, then it closes all except (that is, using the previous notation: n minus) the m outermost still-open mathematical brackets; the word unsubscripted is equivalent to as if it were subscripted with {no} (0) and "ve'o" is equivalent to "ve'oi xi {pa}"; "ve'oi xi {ro}" has no effect.
vepa'a
BAI*
panra modal, 4nd place (standard/geometry) similarly; similar by standard ...
vepu'e
BAI*
pruce modal, 4th place (set of stages) passing through processing stages ...
verai
BAI*
traji modal, 4th place (set) -est; most extremely; superlative among ...
vetai
BAI*
tamsmi modal, 4th place similarly; sharing ideal form in property ...
{tamsmi} is x_1 resembles x_2 sharing ideal form/shape x_3 in property x_4
veti'u
BAI*
tcika modal, 4th place (for letters) as a time at location ...
ve'u
VEhA
location tense interval: a large region of space.
vi
-viz-
VA
location tense distance: here at ... ; at or a very short/tiny distance from ...
vi'a
VIhA
dimensionality of space interval tense: 2-space interval; throughout an area.
vi'e
VIhA
dimensionality of space interval tense: 4-space interval; throughout a spacetime.
vi'ei'e [experimental]
PA5
digit/number: Lévy-Khinchin constant γ = e^{(π^2)/(12Log_e(2))} ≈ 3.2758…
Some definitions of a constant likewise named are the natural logarithm of this number.
vi'i
VIhA
dimensionality of space interval tense: 1-space interval; along a line.
vi ma
VA*
sumti question asking for a location: at/near what?.
vi'o
COI
vocative: wilco (ack and will comply).
vi'oi'au [experimental]
VUhU
mekso unary operator: the set of all fixed points of function a
The output is an (unordered) set of all of the fixed/stationary/self-mapping points of the input function a; in other words, it the set of all x that are in the domain of a such that a(x) = x. Beware that a may have a larger range than intended (for example, e^x makes sense even for some matrix-valued x). Use {mau'au} for quoting a.
vi'u
VIhA
dimensionality of space interval tense: 3-space interval; throughout a space.
vo
-von-
PA1
digit/number: 4 (digit) [four].
vo'a
KOhA4
pro-sumti: repeats 1st place of main bridi of this sentence.
vo'ai [experimental]
SE
conversion: move/promote 4th place to 1st position. Everything else stays in the same order.
Before: x1 x2 x3 x4 x5, after: x4 x1 x2 x3 x5. Has the same effect as "ve te se". Proposed rafsi: -voz-. See also {to'ai}, {xo'ai}.
vo'au'u [experimental]
VUhU
quaternary mathematical operator: (left) convolution (a★b)(c) in structure d
a, b are integrable functions; c is the variable of input of the convolution a★b; d is the structure in which these objects and the convolution live; the convolution is applied from the left (subject to context and definitions). Domains of integration and characteristics of the integrand, etc., can be defined by d and/or by context. See also: {di'ei'o'au}.
vo'e
KOhA4
pro-sumti: repeats 2nd place of main bridi of this sentence.
vo'ei'a [experimental]
PA5
digit/number: Lambert W(1) constant Ω ≈ 0.5671432904097838729999686622…
Ω*e^Ω = 1.
vo'i
KOhA4
pro-sumti: repeats 3rd place of main bridi of this sentence.
voi
NOI
non-veridical restrictive clause used to form complicated le-like descriptions using "ke'a".
voi'a [experimental]
KOhA
pronoun analogical to the vo'a series for the fai-place.
The vo'a series can target all conventional places of a selbri, but not the fai-place made by a jai conversion, hence the need for this cmavo.
voi'e [experimental]
GOI
titular possessive: possessive that is part of a name, e.g. "The Summer of Love", "The Wars of the Roses", "Zeno of Elea"
See {voi'i}, {pe}
voi'i [experimental]
NOI
titular relative clause: gives a title/name in the form of a relative clause, e.g. "Alexander the Great" or "Woobie, Destroyer of Worlds"
See comments for dialectal/proposal-related notes. For a bare title without a name or a descriptor, use {la} {poi'i}. Also see {voi'e}
voki'o
PA*
number/quantity: 4,000 expressed with comma.
vomoi
MOI*
quantified selbri: convert 4 to ordinal selbri; x_1 is fourth among x_2 ordered by rule x_3.
vono
PA*
number/quantity: 40 [forty].
vonono
PA*
number/quantity: 400 [four hundred].
vo'o
KOhA4
pro-sumti: repeats 4th place of main bridi of this sentence.
vo'oi [experimental]
UI2
evidential: non-veridical - veridical
cmavo for {voi}.
vo'u
KOhA4
pro-sumti: repeats 5th place of main bridi of this sentence.
vu
-vuz-
VA
location tense distance: far from ... ; yonder at ... ; a long distance from ...
vu'a
FAhA1
location tense relation/direction; west of.
vu'ai [experimental]
PA
base-dependent digit: the maximum possible single-digit number expressible in the relevant number base.
Some pathologies are possible. For a non-balanced, fixed, positive, arithmetic base (such as standard binary, decimal, hexadecimal), this is one less than the base (respectively: '1', '9', 'F'); in such a case, this word is equivalent to "vei (vei) pano (ju'u ny ve'o) vu'u pa ve'o {boi'ai}".
vu'e
UI5
attitudinal modifier: virtue - sin.
See also {vrude}, {zungi}.
vu'enai
UI*5
attitudinal modifier: virtue - sin.
vu'i
LAhE
sumti qualifier: the sequence made from set or composed of elements/components; order is vague.
vu'o
VUhO
joins relative clause/phrase to complete complex or logically connected sumti in afterthought.
vu'oi [experimental]
VUhOI
opening bracket for VUhO
The binary choice of "VUhO or no VUhO" in the official grammar makes it impossible for instance to say "lo broda .e lo brode .e bo lo brodi" and attach a relative clause (or phrase) only to "lo brode .e bo lo brodi". Either only "lo brodi" receives a relative clause/phrase (simply NOI/GOI) or the entire threesome (VUhO NOI/GOI). The function of VUhOI is as an "elidable starter" - the reverse of an elidable terminator: it explicitly marks the scope of a relative clause/phrase. If elided, it extends as far as possible (equivalent to regular VUhO and consistent with elidable terminators). Examples: "lo broda .e lo brode .e bo ([VUhOI] lo brodi [VUhO] noi brodo)"; "([VUhOI] lo broda .e lo brode .e bo lo brodi vu'o noi brodo)"; "lo broda .e (vu'oi lo brode .e bo lo brodi vu'o noi brodo)". While VUhOI is elidable, it is not possible to say VUhOI and then elide VUhO; consider "vu'oi lo broda .e [VUhOI] lo brode [VUhO] noi brodo [KUhO] vu'o noi brodu" as a counterexample. See also: {vu'o}.
vu'u
VUhU1
n-ary mathematical operator: minus; subtraction operator; [(((a - b) - c) - ...)].
See also {su'i}, {sumji}
vy
BY2
letteral for v.
vy.bu
bu-letteral
BY*
Letteral: “w” character
See https://lojban.github.io/cll/17/5/
vy'y [experimental]
VY'Y
brisni/statement terminator.
It may be useful for attaching an attitudinal at the end of a brisni or for afterthought brisni connection, such as "mi viska do vy'y je do viska mi"; unlike ".i je", this can occur within a subordinate clause: "ta pu fanta lo nu mi viska do vy'y ja do viska mi".
xa
-xav-
PA1
digit/number: 6 (digit) [six].
xa'a [experimental]
UI1b
naturalistic interjection: laughter
Differs from {u'i} in that this is meant to be a typographical representation of actual laughter. Additional -'a syllables may be added as desired. See {bu'a'a}, {cmila}, {ki'ai}
xa'a'a [experimental]
UI1b
naturalistic interjection: laughter
= {xa'a}
xa'ai [experimental]
VUhU
mekso operator: the bth branch of the (possibly multivalued) function a
According to convention or by explicit definition in the discourse. Default is b=1.
xa'au [experimental]
NA
Hadamard-Walsh-Rademaker-Fourier gate/transform.
Inherently comes as normalized. It is a unary operator on a bit and an involution (self-inverse). Used exactly as {na} is.
xa'e [experimental]
VA
location tense distance: too far to interact with; subjective
Used when two events can't influence each other because of distance. Example: .i la xunre cu se catra xa'e lonu la blanu cu catlu lo zerzgakacma vidvi -- Red being killed was too far away to be influenced by Blue watching security cameras.
xa'ei [experimental]
PU
time tense relation/direction: disconnected in time/place; causally disjoint
This tense provides a way to re-contextualize the other tenses to work with relativity theory. It declares that the two events are incapable of affecting one another because there isn't sufficient time for light to travel from one event to the other before it occurs, and vice versa. To use tenses with relativity, a {pu} states that the reference point's event occurs in a time and place with sufficient time before the tagged event for light to travel from the reference point to the event. {ba} states that the reference point's event occurs after light from the tagged event could have reached it. {ca} states that light from the tagged event would have reached the reference point about at the same time as the reference point's event. {xa'ei} indicates that no light from either the reference point's event or the tagged event could have reached the other before or during the events. This is an objective form of subjective {xa'e}. See also: {xa'e}, {pu}, {ca}, {ba} See: https://mw.lojban.org/papri/The_proposed_fourth_tense_of_Lojban
xa'ei'o [experimental]
JOhE
binary mekso operator: Let the inputs X_1 and X_2 be sets in the same universal set O; then the result of this operator applied to them is X_1^{c} \\cup X_2^{c}, where for any A \\subseteq O, A^{c} = O \\setminus A.
Generalizes to n-ary, for any integer n>1 or n being an infinity. This operator generates all three of the basic set operators: union ({jo'e}), intersection ({ku'a}), and relative complement ({kei'i}). See also: {xa'ei'u}. .krtis. calls it the "union(-type) hash operator", but has never seen a generally used name for it.
xa'ei'u [experimental]
JOhE
binary mekso operator: Let the inputs X_1 and X_2 be sets in the same universal set O; then the result of this operator applied to them is X_1^{c} \\cap X_2^{c}, where for any A \\subseteq O, A^{c} = O \\setminus A.
This is a dual to {xa'ei'o} and largely has the same properties; only one of them is needed in any operator system.
xa'i [experimental]
UI3
discursive: imagining/roleplaying - not imagining/"out of character / in real life"
Denotes imaginary/roleplaying actions and events. Serves much the same purpose as *star-quotes* or the /me function [= xa'i mi] would in online communities. Cf. {da'i}, {xanri}, {xarpei}
xai [experimental]
KOhA5
they.(repeat >1 preceding sumti)
repeats two or more preceding sumti, not one plural sumti
xai'a [experimental]
UI1b
naturalistic interjection: Hyah! (battle cry/kiai)
A short yell/vocalization used in order to focus one's energies in external/outward projection, as in martial arts.
xai'i [experimental]
LE
Property article: converts the following predicate into an property sumti (whose open slot is the x_1 of the predicate).
See also {me'ei}.
xai'u'oi [experimental]
GAhO
interval endpoint status (exclusive/inclusive) marker: independent of the other, all options satisfy
Claims that the bridi is true for either option of endpoint on this side of the interval, independent of the status of the other endpoint; so, the bridi is claimed to be true for the interval specified so long as the other endpoint is as specified: the endpoint associated with this word (the not-"other" one) may be inclusive or exclusive without causing the statement to become untrue. Neither option for these statuses is "picked"; either may be substituted into the bridi and the truth value is claimed to remain the same (namely, True). The other endpoint status may be explicitly be specified to a definitive realization, but the default will be {xai'u'oi} or {xau'u'oi}. See also: {xei'u'oi}, {xau'u'oi}, {xoi'u'oi}.
xaki'o
PA*
number/quantity: 6,000 expressed with comma.
xamoi
MOI*
quantified selbri: convert 6 to ordinal selbri; x_1 is sixth among x_2 ordered by rule x_3.
xano
PA*
number/quantity: 60 [sixty].
xanono
PA*
number/quantity: 600 [six hundred].
xa'o [experimental]
ZAhO
opposite of za'o: event contour: refers to the portion of the event which occurs before the natural beginning; starting too early before ...; <----.
xa'oi [experimental]
UI3b
already; too early than expected;
see also: {za'oi}, {xa'o}, {mo'a re'u}
xa'oi'a'oi'a [experimental]
XAhOIhAhOIhA
Any parser parsing the text/sentence/fragment containing this cmavo, must answer that the whole text/sentence/fragment is not syntactically not correct.
Joke word, etymologically related to {xa'oi}, {xa'a'a} and {oi}; so laughing from having made that the parser crashes too early. Even if its grammar is totally free (i.e. it can appear anywhere), a parser must answer "syntactically not correct" even if the text without {xa'oi'a'oi'a} was syntactically correct.
xau [experimental]
BAI
preposition: marks that which the bridi is beneficial to; for the benefit of..., with beneficiary...
Similar to {seva'u}
xau'a [experimental]
LOhOI
shortening of {lo du'u xu kau *bridi*}
xau'e [experimental]
XAUhE
symbol string to number/variable
The following string of PA, BY, and other SYM words are understood to refer to a single number or variable. This word is terminated with the first non-SYM word uttered after it. The SYM words within its scope lose/are divorced from all other meanings, even their definitions; every occurrence of a given sequence in the text (until it is unassigned via {xau'ei}) will refer to the same number when preceded by this word. The number may be treated formally or otherwise and may be evaluated or otherwise. The use of the word "number" here is extremely broad. The only limitations/restrictions/conditions on a number defined by this word are those imposed upon it by context or those explicitly specified by the utterer. Useful for ROI, MOI, and quantification (next to gadri). Can also occur in mekso, but would mean essentially the same thing as if the string were not preceded by this word- excepting the fact that if the string is already assigned a meaning, when it is preceded immediately by this word, it may assume an alternative meaning. It produces a number or digit which couples immediately with nearby PA, VUhU, or other mekso words before anything else happens; thus, "xau'e xy su'i pa" is interpreted and evaluated first to mean x+1, this is then treated as a single number (evaluated PA) and is used according to the grammar (such as being a quantifier, for example). See also: {xau'o}, {xau'oi}.
xau'ei [experimental]
XAUhO
text to number/variable unassignment
Terminated by {xau'oi}; this terminator is required. Any enclosed text has all associations with a given number/variable via {xau'e} or {xau'o} erased; no new definition is assigned unless either such meanings/associations are inherent to the string/word(s) (such as by dictionary definition) or the string/word(s) are proceeded by {xau'e} or {xau'o} and terminated as appropriate (in addition to the termination that this word requires).
xau'e'o [experimental]
XAUhEhO
mekso convention default specification/definition (explicit)
This word is followed by a list of rules. The rules specify the convention by which mekso or mathematical expressions (of various kinds) are to be interpreted. Such conventions are taken to remain in effect until the end of the discourse, until repealed, or if the come to conflict with subsequent rules so marked; in the lattermost case, the subsequent rule takes precedent and the earlier rules that are in conflict with it are ignored only in the most minimal domain of application possible (for example, a rule saying "left composition of functions is denoted by "°" in all cases" could be followed by a rule saying "when a linear transformation can be represented by a matrix, left composition of two such functions is equivalent to left multiplication of their corresponding matrices and so their left composition may be represented simply by juxtaposition as is typical with/for multiplication" with result being that "°" is to be used for all left compositions of functions except when both functions being composed are linear transformations admitting matrix representations, in which case "°" could be used but adjacency alone is sufficient to denote their left composition). Collections of rules (ordered in increasing precedence) can be named and referenced by such name expressed instead of those rules at length (such as calling a (specific) rather simple set of rules defining the order of operations ".pemas."). See also: {xau'o'o}.
xau'o [experimental]
XAUhO
text to number/variable
Terminated by {xau'oi}. Any text enclosed by these words is treated as a foreign text, delimited as for {zoi} and {la'o} (that is: by arbitrary valid sound strings that do not occur in the foreign text; I recommend ones that represent the language of origin of the text or a description of what the text is, such as {cmene}/{fangycme}), and is treated formally. The text then is assigned to refer to a single specific number or variable in a manner exactly the same as with {xau'e}. The meaning is unassigned via {xau'ei}. This is good for quoting names and treating them as numbers in mekso, quantifiers, or MOI expressions; the number to which the text refers can be inferred from context or can be explicitly defined. The word "number" here is extremely broad; the only limitations/restrictions/conditions on the number are those which context demands and those which the utterer explicitly specifies. The quoted text can be used in mekso expressions as a number or digit, just as any PA would be.
xau'oi [experimental]
XAUhOI
XAUhO terminator
Non-elidable.
xau'o'o [experimental]
XAUhOhO
mekso convention cancellation
This word is followed by an evaluated {li} clause (yielding specifically a number n, which probably is a non-negative integer, or a set thereof (the elements of which will also be denoted by simply n, for simplicity) ). It repeals the nth most recent/last convention (counting backward) for mekso/mathematical expressions defined by {xau'e'o}. In order to repeal all such conventions (returning to the conventions specified by some grammar collection), the set should include all integers less than or equal to some sufficiently large integer (which might be {ro}); {ro} denotes the first rule defined (the last rule counting backward from the most recent)- it does not reference "all rules defined"; the most recent rule is denoted by {pa}. Any named body/ordered collection of rules (such as ".pemdas.") is treated as being only one rule for the purposes of such counting.
xau'u'oi [experimental]
GAhO
elliptical/vague interval endpoint status (exclusive/inclusive) marker
Claims that the bridi is true for at least one of the options, but it may or may not be true for both options. The endpoint that is so marked has no grammatical/universal dependency on the status of the other endpoint associated with this word; the math may vary from case to case. Compare to: {xai'u'oi}. See also: {ga'o}, {ke'i}.
xavoki'o
PA*
number/quantity: 64,000 expressed with comma.
xe
-xel-
SE
5th conversion; switch 1st/5th places.
xe'a [experimental]
PA
pseudo-number that is unequal to itself.
Used with {xi} subscripts. Used to escape the fact that words like {da}, {ko'a} etc. subscripted with the same index will always refer to the same thing. "da xi xe'a" can refer to a different variable every time it appears, "ko'a xi xe'a" is equivalent to {zo'e}, "broda xi xe'a" is equivalent to {co'e}, etc. See also {xi}, {zo'e}, {co'e}.
xe'au [experimental]
XEhAU
mekso clausal referent bracket initializer
Works with words of selma'o NOIhA. Within a mekso expression, any sequence of words/any subexpression between this word and the (immediate/very) next unmatched member of selma'o NOIhA are consolidated into (one whole and indivisible (for the sake of the clause) entity which acts as reference of the clause introduced by the same member of NOIhA, thus overriding the default attachment of NOIhA cmavo to the word immediately preceding them in a mekso expression. A member of NOIhA is considered "unmatched" if and only if the number of intervening additional uses of this word is less than or equal to the number of members of NOIhA uttered after the usage of this word being considered. The bracketed expression is considered to be a whole and single unit that can only be referenced together and in its single entirety; the bracketed expression is considered to be formal and remains unevaluated for the purposes of the reference/clause- thus, any reference to its evaluated result must be made by modifying {ke'a}. See also: {noi'a}, {poi'a}.
xebe'i
BAI*
benji modal, 5th place (medium) transmitted via ...
xe'e [experimental]
PA4
digit/number: any/non-specific referent; modifies quantifier to indicate that it is not important what the specific members of the referential set are
Note: {ro} is preferred if you are merely saying that the predicate is true for all referents ("Anyone can do this"), rather than saying something like "Choose any two apples". // (xe'e pa prenu) = "any one person / one non-specific person", ({xe'enai} pa prenu) = "one specific person". See {itca}, {steci}, {su'anai}, {su'ero}, {te'i'o}
xe'e'a [experimental]
SEhEhI
2-Merge Conversion: placed immediately before a selbri, merges x_2 and x_n places.
See also: "{se'e'i}", "{te'e'a}", "{ve'e'a}", "{ze'e'a}", "{ve'e'u}", "{xe'e'o}", "{ze'e'e}".
xe'e'e [experimental]
UI1b
interjection: laughter/chuckle (heh heh heh)
See also {e'e'e}, {xa'a'a}, {u'i}, {bu'a'a}.
xe'e'i [experimental]
SEhEhI
placed before a selbri, merges x1 and x5 places.
See also {se'e'i}, {te'e'i} and {ve'e'i}.
xe'ei [experimental]
NU
abstractor: place abstractor; x_1 is the place where [bridi] takes place
See also {jei}, {bu'u}, {zvati}, {te'oi}.
xe'enai
PA*4
digit/number: specific referent; modifies quantifier to indicate that there are particular referents that fulfill the predicate
({xe'e} pa prenu) = "any one person / one non-specific person", (xe'enai pa prenu) = "one specific person". See {itca}, {steci}, {su'anai}
xe'e'o [experimental]
SEhEhI
2-Merge Conversion: placed immediately before a selbri, merges x_4 and x_5 places.
See also: "{se'e'i}", "{te'e'a}", "{ve'e'u}", "{xe'e'o}", "{ze'e'o}", "{ze'e'e}".
xe'e'u [experimental]
SEhEhI
2-Merge Conversion: placed immediately before a selbri, merges x_3 and x_5 places.
See also: "{se'e'i}", "{te'e'a}", "{ve'e'u}", "{ze'e'u}", "{xe'e'o}", "{ze'e'e}".
xei [experimental]
PA2
digit/number: hex digit E (decimal 14) [fourteen]
Used as an alternative to {rei} to avoid confusion with {re}. Experimental rafsi: -xem-
xei'a [experimental]
DAhO
frees the following attitudinals of their context; precedes free-floating non-modifying attitudinals
xei'e [experimental]
KOhA
pro-sumti: the virtual "here" we are communicating in
It may feel imprecisely metaphorical to use {vi} or {ti} or {stuzi} when talking online and wanting to refer to "here" (= this call, this server, this chat room). Participants share a virtual space, but are far apart spatially. {xei'e} captures this spatial metaphor precisely: to {zvati} {xei'e} means exactly "to have access to the current communication channel". This metaphor then extends itself to {cliva}, {klama}, {stuzi}, {zvakansa}, saying "{cladu} {fe} {xei'e}", etc.
xei'i [experimental]
DAhO
reattaches the following attitudinals to the containing bridi; precedes free-floating attitudinals to be understood as modifying the bridi they are contained in
xei'u [experimental]
DAhO
reattaches the following attitudinals to the containing sentence; precedes free-floating attitudinals to be understood as modifying the sentence they are contained in
xei'u'oi [experimental]
GAhO
interval endpoint status (exclusive/inclusive) marker: dependent and coincident/matching with other
Claims that the bridi is true for either option of endpoint so long as the other endpoint matches in status; so, the bridi is claimed to be true for the interval specified so long as both endpoints are the same: either both are inclusive or both are exclusive. Neither option is "picked"; either may be substituted into the bridi and the truth value is claimed to remain the same (namely, True). No claim is made regarding the case of their being different (use "{je} {nai} {xoi'u'oi}" for explicit exclusion of this case). The other endpoint status may be explicitly be specified to a definitive realization, but the default will be {xei'u'oi} as well. See also: {xoi'u'oi}, {xau'u'oi}, {xai'u'oi}.
xeka'a
BAI*
klama modal, 5th place by transport mode ...
xe'o [experimental]
UI3
discursive: simply/merely/just, "all there is to it" - not simply, not just, "there's more to it"
In the positive, this conveys that reality is simpler or more restricted than the listener might be thinking; in the negative, it tells the listener that there's more to the truth than they might be thinking. Example: "I'm only/just joking" isn't {mi} {xamsku} {po'o} (that means "all I do is tell jokes") and isn't {mi} {xamsku} {sa'u} (that means "to put it simply, I'm joking" but leaves room for a more complicated {sa'unai} truth). This word offers {mi} {xamsku} {xe'o}. Similarly, {grana} {xe'onai} says that we're talking about "not just a stick" (there's more to it than that: maybe it's a magic wand).
xe'u [experimental]
GOhA
Abstraction variable indicator selbrisle.
{xe'u} is a pro-bridi (meaning it takes the place of a fully-specified bridi). {xe'u} indicates that the {selbrisle} is considered to be a bridi-variable that can be filled by other bridi. {xe'u} makes sense only inside abstraction clauses. In particular, {xe'u} is almost solely used in prenex in order to put a word of selma'o NU in prenex in a statement of predicate logic of third or higher order. See {bu'ai} for usage. See also {ce'u}, {bu'ai}.
xi
XI
subscript; attaches a number of letteral string following as a subscript onto grammar structures.
xi'e [experimental]
XI
scalar subscript
Subscripts words with a PA-number (often subjective), indicating {va'e}/{va'ei} scale value.
xi'ei [experimental]
binary mekso operator: for ordered list X_1, this word outputs the same ordered list except the indices/subscripts have been relabelled/redefined/reindexed according to rule X_2 (see notes).
Default behavior for X_2: (1) if the least index of X_1 is less than or equal to 0, then the term which is so indexed is mapped to the term which is indexed by 1 and each subsequent entry of X_1 is mapped so as to have the successor index of the immediately previous term (without any gaps); (2) if the least index of X_1 is positive, then the term which is so indexed is mapped to the term which is indexed by 0 and each subsequent entry of X_1 is mapped so as to have the successor index of the immediately previous term (without any gaps); thus the indexing is restricted to nonnegative intergers, is compressed, and toggles between starting at 1 and 0 respectively. Other behaviors may be specified. The cultural default starting index for a list is determined by context.
xi'i [experimental]
XI
extent of truth
Proposed here: http://balance.wiw.org/~jkominek/lojban/9511/msg00430.html . See {xu'au} for a synonymous word (other than tentatively and temporarily belonging to a different selma'o) that is proposed in order to avoid multiple definitions for "xi'i".
xi'i'ei [experimental]
PA5
digit/number: Khinchin's constant K_0 = 2.6854520010…
See also: {vi'ei'e}, {fi'u}, {te'o}
xo
PA4
digit/number: number/digit/lerfu question.
xo'a [experimental]
XOhA
Loglan toggle: Toggles text to TLI Loglan; marks following text as TLI Loglan.
The proposal also includes an experimental Loglan Little word ``hoa'' (which toggles text to Lojban).
xo'ai [experimental]
SE
conversion: move/promote 5th place to 1st position. Everything else stays in the same order.
Before: x1 x2 x3 x4 x5, after: x5 x1 x2 x3 x4. Has the same effect as "xe ve te se". Proposed rafsi: -xoz- See also {to'ai}, {vo'ai}.
xo'au [experimental]
PA
pro-numeral: the most-recently mentioned full/complete numerical or mathematical string/expression.
For clarity, whole strings are taken; therefore, in "{pa}{re}", the string which would be referenced by this word is all of "pare" (and not just "re"). Back-counting rules the same as or analogous to those for "{ri}". This word functions essentially as "ri" does, but for numbers (PA*) and mekso (including VUhU) - and, in particular, ignores other sumti, unless marked with "{li}" (in which case, "li" is included in the reference – which may require various adjustments if this word is used in in contexts which disallow the introduction of another/new sumti or which would take on an undesirable semantic or syntactic interpretation if another sumti were introduced where this word is used). Letteral strings which act as numerical/mathematical variables are within the scope of potential reference, but not those which do not (unless they are somehow used in a mathematical expression which is being referenced as a whole); quotations and abstractions behave as the latter case for letteral strings wrt this word. Within a mekso expression, "{du}" and other predicates are taken as terminating a numerical expression; this word (unless subscripted; see infra) references completed numerical/mathematical expressions, and thus will not refer to the one in which it itself appears, which should help to avoid self-reference, predication issues, non-terminating loops, nondefinition issues, etc. Thus, it might be useful for recursive definitions. Subscript this word with an integer n in order to refer count n potential referents back (positive n is back-counting, n = 0 refers to the current numerical/mathematical expression in which this subscripted word is embedded (once completed and fully evaluated, if such terminates), and negative n is forward-counting). Can be used for quantifying sumti; "one hundred men and horses" probably means "one hundred men and one hundred horses", and the latter "one hundred" can be replaced by this word, because numerical/mathematical expressions which function as quantifiers are nonetheless numerical/mathematical expressions (and tend to be completed). Even in a recursive or self-referential context, once the referenced/pointed-to expression is evaluated, the value which it takes in its most-recent usage is the one which should be substituted in place of this word; use "{ra'o}" in order to update it if such is desired (and the value depends to some extent on the new context or other developments).
xo'e [experimental]
PA4
elliptical/unspecified number.
See also {no'o}, {tu'o}, {xo}, {zo'e}, {co'e}, and {do'e}.
xo'ei [experimental]
VUhU
unary mekso operator: produces a string of n consecutive "xo'e"'s, treated as digits (concatenated into a single string of digits)
n can be any nonnegative integer, (countable) infinity, or vague (in which case it could mean a nonnegative integer or (countable) infinity). The default value of n is vague/elliptical, thus transforming this word into a 0-ary operator. The output is a string of digits, not a number; thus, it automatically attaches to a string of PA's if immediately preceding this word; following digits must be concatenated on; it might be necessary to convert this string into a number (especially if it is isolated and/or is being acted upon an operator that is defined as desired for numbers but not for digits or strings), but the conversion may be automatic according to the grammar (at least in some contexts). {xo'e} is considered to represent exactly one 'digit' (really: PA member) in the given base until it is converted into a number. Since {pi} belongs to PA, technically at least zero {xo'e}'s can actually be meant to be radix point(s); at most, the total allowable number of radix points in a digit string, less the number of explicitly mentioned {pi}'s that occur therein (within the macrodigit), is the number of {pi}'s that can be referenced elliptically by this means. {ma'u} and {ni'u} are possible references for microdigits where allowed by the base. This word 'knows where it lives', meaning that it will only produce digit strings that are composed of PA's that are allowed by the base and notation given the rest of the context, which form allowed macrodigits, and which will represent part of a context-allowed number. Proposed rafsi: "-xon-", where the default case (n is vague) is assumed (thus, as a rafsi, "-xon-" represents any number that is expressible in the base by a string of concatenated digits and radix point(s) and which makes sense/satisfies implicit conditions placed upon it (such as signum, or being integer, etc.); this meaning is usually described by using variables "n" or "x" in English, such as in: "n-ary", "n-many", "x-meter-long", etc.).
xo'e'o'e [experimental]
XOhEhOhE
elliptical/unspecified/vague single-symbol (general)
Might mean either {bu'o'e} (BY) or {xo'e} (PA), or any other single-symbol selma'o elliptical.
xo'e'o'ei [experimental]
VUhU
At-most-unary mekso operator: like {xo'ei} but for selma'o XOhEhOhE, rather than just PA
xo'i [experimental]
XOhI
Extracts selbri from a tag, inverse of fi'o
xo'i bau is equivalent to bangu, xo'i fi'o broda is equivalent to broda
xoi [experimental]
XOI
Right-scoping adverbial clause: encloses a bridi and turns it into an adverbial term; the antecedent (ke'a) of the enclosed bridi stands for the outer bridi {lo su'u no'a ku} (the bridi in which this xoi term appears), including all the other adverbial terms (tags...) within this bridi located on the right of this xoi term (rightward scope).
Terminator: {se'u}
xoi'ei'a [experimental]
XOIhEIhA
Toggles grammar so that every mention of a number n is interpreted as "at least n".
If one owns five cats, then in normal Lojban grammar, if they were to say "I have two cats", then they would be incorrect/lying; numbers are exact. But often, allowing for such statements is desirable, at least because one can be less mindful of the exactitude requirement. For example, some criminal statutes say things like "if the defendant has four criminal history points, then...", but they actually mean "if the defendant has four or more criminal history points, then...". Likewise, it is almost always a lie in Lojban to say "I am t years old", because one is almost never exactly t years old (this expression is usually the result of rounding down to the nearest integer or half-integer); one should actually say "I am between t years old and t+1 years old" – but toggling the grammar with this word would more closely approximate the natlang phrase (although an eighty-year-old could still correctly say, perhaps with some philosophical correctness too, that they are six years old). An even number of uses of this word return the grammar back to numeric exactitude. The "at least" interpretation applies to rafsi as well: a car is a bicycle after this word has been used an odd number of times because "bicycle" would actually mean "at-least-two-wheeler". Again, this could have some applicability in law, such as when banning the usage of vehicles, for example. "{su'e} will operate normally under this word (so, "su'e {re}" would mean "at most 2" and not "at most at-least-2"; meaning that 3 is definitely excluded from the realm of possible numbers), but "su'o" is converted so as to mean "exactly" (given that it is otherwise useless; in other words, the exactitudes of unmarked numhers and "su'o"-marked ones swap with one another). This word does not affect brivla or modals, unless the former involve numeric rafsi; in particular, "{zmadu}", "{satci}", "{mau}", and the like are not affected. This word affects non-integer numbers as well, as demonstrated by the time example; after this toggle, one could accurately say that Cleopatra died five hundred years ago (because she died ealier than that). Explocit approximation via "{ji'i}" is unaffected by this word, in a manner similar to "su'e". Technically, "1+1 =2" is still true under this toggle effect because the sum of at least 1 with at least 1 is indeed at least 2. Both exactitude and this modification to it have their respective problem cases, so use each carefully.
xoi'u [experimental]
JOI
non-logical connective (mekso set operator): regardless
Primary motivation is to allow for an analog of .{u} using non-logical connectives of the form of set operators (in the same analogy that related set intersection to logical AND). .krtisfranks. is not sure that this word even fulfills a heretofore unsatisfied logical role, let alone is necessary or practically useful/desirable.
xoi'u'oi [experimental]
GAhO
interval endpoint status (exclusive/inclusive) marker: dependent and contrary/contraposed with other
Claims that the bridi is true for either option of endpoint so long as the other endpoint is opposite in status; so, the bridi is claimed to be true for the interval specified so long as both endpoints are the different: one endpoint must be inclusive while the other is exclusive. Neither option for the order of these statuses is "picked"; either may be substituted into the bridi and the truth value is claimed to remain the same (namely, True). No claim is made regarding the case of their being the same (use "{je} {nai} {xei'u'oi}" for exclusion of this case). The other endpoint status may be explicitly be specified to a definitive realization, but the default will be {xoi'u'oi} as well. See also: {xei'u'oi}, {xau'u'oi}, {xai'u'oi}.
xo'o [experimental]
UI5
attitudinal modifier: sarcastically - sincerely/honestly
There is no good attitudinal for sarcasm. Chosen for its similarity to {zo'o}.
xo'onai
UI*5
attitudinal modifier: sarcastically - sincerely/honestly
See {stace}.
xo'u [experimental]
ZAhO
opposite of mo'u: interval event contour: at the natural beginning point of ...;
xu
UI6
discursive: true-false question.
xu'a [experimental]
UI3
discursive: persuading - not arguing/negotiating - conceding
Also 'challenging - admitting' when defending oneself, 'insisting - compromising' when making a request. See also {ra'u}, evidential {pe'i}, attitudinals {e'u}, {i'o}, gismu {xlura}; Compare attitudinal modifier {le'o}.
xu'au [experimental]
XUhAU
extent of truth
As described here: http://balance.wiw.org/~jkominek/lojban/9511/msg00430.html, where the proposed word is {xi'i} and the selma'o is XI
xu'e [experimental]
COI
vocative: said/quoth..., used to identify the person speaking a single sentence (e.g. in dialogues)
Loglan "hue". Much shorter than "sei ko'a cu cusku se'u". See also {doi}, {mi'e}.
xunai
UI*6
discursive: false-true question.
Example: {xunai} {do} {djuno} - 'Don't you know?'. Only negates the question rhetorically, and not the expected answer; {go'i}/{ja'a}/{je'u} still means "Yes, I know".
xu'o [experimental]
UI7
attitudinal contour: stronger over time - unchanging intensity - weaker over time
Useful for indicating the rate of change of a previous attitudinal. For example, {ua} {nai} {xu'o} means you're confused, and slowly becoming more so. Use CAI to control the velocity of the change: {ii} {xu'o} {ru'e} means you're scared and slowly getting even more scared.
xu'o'e [experimental]
NA
elliptical bridi logical negator/affirmer/truth-evaluation
See also: {cau'o'e}
xu'u [experimental]
LOhOI
bridi to sumti: marks the beginning of a subordinate bridi; the whole construct is a sumti referring to the enclosed bridi
Terminator: {ku'au}
xu'u'i [experimental]
UI1b
naturalistic interjection: a controlled, focused breathing technique (used for coping, as with pain, fear, etc.)
(Commonly used in some guides to giving birth.) Essentially onomatopoeic.
xy
BY2
letteral for x.
xy'au [experimental]
PA
digit/number: sixteen (decimal 16).
xy.bu
bu-letteral
BY*
letteral for "h" character
Synonym: {y'y.bu}
xy'y [experimental]
UI1b
naturalistic interjection: in thought/contemplation
Differs from {y} in that it doesn't imply hesitation or a desire to say anything after. The first syllable may be lengthened as desired. Has a mandatory pause after. See {pensi}.
y
Y
hesitation noise; maintains the floor while speaker decides what to say next.
ybu
bu-letteral
BY*
letteral for y.
y'i [experimental]
YhI
connective: elliptical/generic/vague
Like {zo'e} or {co'e}, but for connectives. The connectives referred to may be logical or non-logical; they take the form proper for the syntax/context (probably is best implemented using post-original CLL connective system modification such as the MAD proposal or the system developed by selpa'i); in standard original CLL usage, this would be the inter-sumti connective. [Presently not allowed by morphology/phonotactic constraints. As such is the case, confer: {ji'o'e}.]
y'y
BY2
letteral for '.
y'y.bu
bu-letteral
BY*
letteral for "h" character
Synonym: {xy.bu} . See https://lojban.github.io/cll/17/5/
yyy [experimental]
Y
Equivalent to ".{y}" but connotes a somewhat longer pause
za
ZI
time tense distance: medium distance in time.
za'a
UI2
evidential: I observe.
See also {zgana}, {lanli}.
za'ai [experimental]
ZI
time tense distance: an unspecified distance in time
Used to express a time distance without specifying any subjective notion about its size. May typically be used in a question when the subjective notion is not known. See also {za}, {zi}, {zu}, {ze'ai}
za'au [experimental]
UI2
evidential: mark the sentence as being an observation sentence, i.e. a statement that is not based on the truth of another statement but is instead taken from direct observation.
za'e
BAhE
forethought nonce-word indicator; indicates next word is nonce-creation and may be nonstandard.
Compare {zi'a}, {pe'a}, {xo'o}
za'ei [experimental]
VUhU
mekso binary operator: right-handed vectorial cross product (ordered input), a×b
Generally noncommutative; right-handed in three dimensions. See also: {du'ei}
za'i
-zaz-
NU1
abstractor: state (event) abstractor; x_1 is continuous state of [bridi] being true.
zai
LAU
2-word letteral/shift: alternate alphabet selector follows.
zai'a [experimental]
UI5
attitudinal modifier: observed emotion; preceding attitudinal is observed on listener
Replaces recent questionable usage of dai, which should be reserved for situations in which the speaker also feels the emotion. ui nai zai'a - I see you are unhappy. (Note that observation is not limited to visual)
zai'ai [experimental]
ZAIhAI
(elidable) terminator of mathematical/formal quote with mau'au
See also: {mau'au}.
zai'e [experimental]
BAhE
jargon word indicator; indicates next word is a jargon word
Jargon words are to have a single, defined, specialized meaning within one particular narrow context (e.g. a game, field of study, or industry), but may also be assigned to other meanings in other contexts. // Proposed rafsi: -zam-. Afterthought variant: {zi'ai} // Jargonic context, if needed, may be explicated using tanru, including with {bo'ei} / {me} {la}...{ku} clauses, or even defined with a specific meaning using the assigned rafsi e.g. {samyzamsmacu} or {gugyl zei zamgri}
zai'o [experimental]
KOhA7
pro-sumti: the empty argument/value; syntactically-contextually and type-permitted maximally generic in its typing
It is a pro-sumti with an empty reference set. Probably semantically maximally and generally elliptical/generic. Typing can be restricted by (possibly metalinguistic) restriction. See also: {gai'o} (pro-bridi; empty), {mai'i} (pro-sumti; universal), {cei'i} (pro-bridi; universal), {ctaipe}. Proposed by: lai .az. .e lai .krtisfranks.
zai'u [experimental]
ZAIhU
Quote conversion: the sentence(s)/bridi (possibly plural) is/are syntactically correct and semantically intended by the utterer if the outermost layer of quotes (markers) which immediately follows were to be omitted/removed, but the quoted text is in fact a quote (of the indicated type) from some source.
The immediate next word must be a quote indicator (such as {lu}, {zo}, etc.) or another free modifier (possibly including other members of ZAIhU; for the purposes of these notes, this option will be ignored); the scope of this word terminates simultaneous with the scope of the quote which is introduced by the next word. The type of quote (direct, error, one word, etc.) is indicated by the next word.
za'o
-za'o-
ZAhO
interval event contour: continuing too long after natural end of ...; superfective | ---->.
za'oi [experimental]
UI3b
yet; still; too long
see also: {xa'oi}, {za'o}, {du'e re'u}
za'u
PA3
digit/number: greater than.
zau
BAI
zanru modal, 1st place approved by ...
zau'e [experimental]
COI
vocative: go! / come on! / get on it! / let's!
A call to act now. See .{e'e}, {zukte}
zau'e'u [experimental]
ZAUhEhU
text affirmation/negation mode toggle
Until the next utterance of this word, the interpretation of all following (but not preceding) negations and affirmations are to be re-interpreted bridi-by-bridi, starting with the current open (not-yet-terminated) bridi (in which this word is uttered). If this word is followed by a number of/evaluated to a value 0 or 1 (preceded immediately by "li"), this value is taken to be an explicit reset of the mode to the value indicated (the value in question is called a seed value). Iff the seed value is 1, the mode is set thereinafter to multiplicative style; iff the seed value is 0, the mode is set thereinafter to additive style. (That is: the seed values represent the identity elements under the operation which the mode emulates.). No other value, numerical or otherwise (including other sumti or even Boolean values, which actually mean "truth" and "false", rather than "1" and "0" respectively, despite common representations), may act as a seed value of this word. Thus, only in the context of this word being followed by a "li"-introduced mekso expression X which evaluates to the numbers 0 or 1 wherein X is not intended to be taken as a seed value of this word must this word be followed by {ku} prior to X; in this case there is no explicit seed value. If this word has no explicit seed value, then this word causes the mode of interpretation of double-negatives to switch between multiplicative style and additive style; an utterance of this word switches the mode to whichever of these two options was not being used immediately previously. Thus, it is its own terminator/negator. Lojban default (without context) is in multiplicative mode: "mi na na nelci" is nearly equivalent to "mi nelci"; double-negatives cancel leaving a positive sense (even if it is not entirely/definitively affirmative). So, one utterance of this word (under standard conventions) in a given discourse will change double-negatives to become additive. This mode is similar to (some) Spanish negation or AAVE negation; multiple negatives compound/add together, intensifying the negativity (subjective truth-value) of an utterance. In additive mode, "[zau'e'u] mi na na nelci" is equivalent to "mi ba'e na nelci" or something of the like; "[zau'e'u] mi na na na na nelci" would be simply further emphasized (roughly twice as emphatic as the previous example's negation). This word is intended mostly for stylistic purposes and translations, as well as enabling further cultural neutrality. lai .krtisfranks. requests that this word (and all of its relevant information, including the selma'o label) be mapped to "{zau'eu}" if the string "eu" ever becomes officially accepted in Lojban.
za'umai
MAI*
discursive: further utterance ordinal
za'ure'u
ROI*
again; in addition to the first time; for the "more"-th time
See {krefu}, {rapli}
zau'u [experimental]
PA4
digit/number: arbitrarily large/great/increased/many (finite but as big as desired/allowed).
Technically, it means: "For any finite n > 0, there exists a finite x such that n < |x|; this word refers to such an x". This is different from "infinite" in the same way that living literally and truly forever in an undying universe is different from living for as long as was initially desired but for a finite time (and eventually dying). No assumption about signum; the above definition is given in absolute value terms. In other words, the typical meaning of "arbitrarily and positively large" is "{ma'uzau'u}", meanwhile "arbitarily large in absolute value but negative" is given by "{ni'uzau'u}". See also: {mei'a}.
ze
-zel-
PA1
digit/number: 7 (digit) [seven].
ze'a
ZEhA
time tense interval: a medium length of time.
ze'aba
ZEhA*
time tense: a medium time interval offset towards the future; (tense/modal).
ze'aca
ZEhA*
time tense: a medium time interval spanning the present; (tense/modal).
ze'ai [experimental]
TAhE
tense interval modifier: increasingly...; incrementative. Tagged sumti, if present, indicates amount of increase (lo te zenba)
Alternate form: {zei'a}. See {zenba}. Opposite of {dei'a}
ze'ai'au [experimental]
unary mekso operator: reverse ordered list/tuple X_1.
If X_1 = (x_1, x_2, x_3, ..., x_n), then ze'ai'au(X_1) = (x_n, x_{(n-1)}, x_{(n-2)}, ..., x_3, x_2, x_1; (note the casing). This is essentially equivalent to reindexing/permuting of indices in a specific way. If X_1 is an empty list/tuple or is a singleton/one-element list/tuple, then the output is X_1. If X_2 has infinitely many terms, then the result is indeed the reversal thereof, but accessing any given term becomes basically impossible without the usage of "{ro}". It is conceivable that this word might be able to be applied to comparison operators/ordering relations, strings, numeric strings (endianness switching), etc. as well.
ze'ai'e [experimental]
SE
selbri conversion: permute all terbri so as to be exactly backward.
For an exactly-n-terbri selbri, it is the (n, n-1, n-2, ..., 2, 1)rd conversion. For zero- or one-terbri selbri, it is trivial (identity - no noticeable change); for one-terbri selbri, this is "{re'au'e}". For two-terbri selbri, it is equivalent to "{se}"; it is the 2nd (id est: (2, 1)th) conversion in this case. For a three-terbri selbri, this is equivalent to "{te}"; it is the 3rd (id est: (3, 1)th) conversion in this case. For four-terbri selbri, it is the (4, 3, 2, 1)rd conversion. For five-terbri selbri, it is the (5, 4, 3, 2, 1)rd conversion. The meaning of the result in the context of its being applied to a selbri with opened-ended terbri structure (such as "{jutsi}") is as described in the commentary for this entry (i.e.: reverses endianness).
ze'apu
ZEhA*
time tense: a medium time interval offset towards the past; (tense/modal).
ze'au [experimental]
PA4
subjective number which is increasing over time
See also {zenba}, {zilzena}, {ja'au}, {so'au}.
ze'au'e [experimental]
SE
last-th conversion: switches the last terbri with the first one.
For exactly-n-terbri, this it the nth conversion. For a one-terbri word, this is equivalent to {re'au'e}. For two-terbri selbri, this is {se}. For three-terbri selbri, this is {te}. For four-terbri selbri, this is {ve}. For five-terbri selbri, this is {xe}. In general, this might be equivalent to {sexiro}, although this might be debatable. The meaning of the result in the context of its being applied to a selbri with opened-ended terbri structure (such as "{jutsi}") is yet to be explored.
ze'e
-ze'e-
ZEhA
time tense interval: the whole of time.
ze'e'a [experimental]
SEhEhI
n-Merge Conversion: placed immediately before a selbri, merges x_2 and all x_a places.
In "x_a", "a" is not a variable; "x_a" refers to any sumti slot(s) after the first n, where n is a function of the brivla (and is not defined for some brivla), such that it/they is/are part of an open-ended or arbitrarily large relation of mutually similar 'form' (possibly by analogy); for example, all sumti slots of "{jutsi}" except jutsi1 are x_a-type slots. See also: "{ze'e'i}", "{te'e'a}".
ze'e'au [experimental]
SEhEhI
n-Merge Conversion: placed immediately before a selbri, merges all x_a places.
In "x_a", "a" is not a variable; "x_a" refers to any sumti slot(s) after the first n, where n is a function of the brivla (and is not defined for some brivla), such that it/they is/are part of an open-ended or arbitrarily large relation of mutually similar 'form' (possibly by analogy); for example, all sumti slots of "{jutsi}" except jutsi1 are x_a-type slots. See also: "{ze'e'i}".
ze'e'e [experimental]
SEhEhI
n-Merge Conversion: placed immediately before a selbri, merges x_5 and all x_a places.
In "x_a", "a" is not a variable; "x_a" refers to any sumti slot(s) after the first n, where n is a function of the brivla (and is not defined for some brivla), such that it/they is/are part of an open-ended or arbitrarily large relation of mutually similar 'form' (possibly by analogy); for example, all sumti slots of "{jutsi}" except jutsi1 are x_a-type slots. See also: "{ze'e'i}".
ze'e'i [experimental]
SEhEhI
n-Merge Conversion: placed immediately before a selbri, merges x_1 and all x_a places.
In "x_a", "a" is not a variable; "x_a" refers to any sumti slot(s) after the first n, where n is a function of the brivla (and is not defined for some brivla), such that it/they is/are part of an open-ended or arbitrarily large relation of mutually similar 'form' (possibly by analogy); for example, all sumti slots of "{jutsi}" except jutsi1 are x_a-type slots (therefore, "ze'e'i jutsi" is necessarily a 1-slot selbri in which the species is the same as the genus and that is the same as the family etc. - a concept which is of limited utility in this particular case, but which might be used in application to the very first lifeform). See also: "{te'e'i}".
ze'ei [experimental]
SI
nonce word with existing grammar
Binds two arbitrary words together to form a nonce word whose semantics are indicated by the left word and whose grammar is the same as that of the right word. Useful for creating function words without having to allocate experimental cmavo forms.
ze'e'o [experimental]
SEhEhI
n-Merge Conversion: placed immediately before a selbri, merges x_4 and all x_a places.
In "x_a", "a" is not a variable; "x_a" refers to any sumti slot(s) after the first n, where n is a function of the brivla (and is not defined for some brivla), such that it/they is/are part of an open-ended or arbitrarily large relation of mutually similar 'form' (possibly by analogy); for example, all sumti slots of "{jutsi}" except jutsi1 are x_a-type slots. See also: "{ze'e'i}", "{xe'e'o}".
ze'e'u [experimental]
SEhEhI
n-Merge Conversion: placed immediately before a selbri, merges x_3 and all x_a places.
In "x_a", "a" is not a variable; "x_a" refers to any sumti slot(s) after the first n, where n is a function of the brivla (and is not defined for some brivla), such that it/they is/are part of an open-ended or arbitrarily large relation of mutually similar 'form' (possibly by analogy); for example, all sumti slots of "{jutsi}" except jutsi1 are x_a-type slots. See also: "{ze'e'i}", "{ve'e'u}".
ze'i
ZEhA
time tense interval: an instantaneous/tiny/short amount of time.
zei
ZEI
joins preceding and following words into a lujvo.
To make tanru out of arbitrary cmavo, use {ze'oi} instead.
zei'a [experimental]
TAhE
tense interval modifier: increasingly...; incrementative. Tagged sumti, if present, indicates amount of increase (lo te zenba)
Alternate form to avoid confusion: {ze'ai}. See {zenba}. Opposite of {dei'a}
zei'au [experimental]
ZEhA
time tense interval: for some length of time.
Combination of {ze'i} + {ze'a} + {ze'u}. Explicitly neutral as to whether the length of time is "small", "medium" or "large". For example, being able to ask: "zei'au ma?" is useful when you wish to reveal no expectations at all about the tagged time interval.
zei'e [experimental]
BAhE
marks a construct as used for its form only, not its meaning.
While a word like "tanru'i" must always mean "tsani zei pruxi", using {zei'e} overrides that; "zei'e tanru'i" does not necessarily mean that, it could mean "tanru u'i". Proposed rafsi: -zex-.
zei'ei [experimental]
ZEIhEI
begin quote that is converted into rafsi
Terminated by {zei'oi}. Quotes an utterance (must be grammatical) and converts it (as a whole) into a single rafsi with the meaning of "something to do with the referent of "[insert quoted text]"". Notably, does not distribute through the text, treating each word individually with left-grouping (it does not distribute {zei} before and/or after each word (as needed)); the quoted utterance is taken as a whole unit of meaning unto itself; for the former purpose, see {zei'ei'au}. This word is useful for forming quotes and mathematical expressions (formal, evaluated, or otherwise) into lujvo. This rafsi is assumed to begin the next word if the preceding text/utterance does not end with an otherwise standalone and ungrammatical rafsi (the grammar in such a situation should be discussed); in order to connect it as a rafsi within a lujvo that began before it, precede the quotation with {zei}. In order to finish a lujvo or treat the quotation as a brivla on its own, follow it with {co'e}, which is treated as if the preceding utterance (the quote) is a single word followed immediately by {zei}; in order to string multiple ZEIhEI-ZEIhOI rafsi together follow this formula: zei'ei broda zei'oi co'e zei zei'ei brode zei'oi (co'e (zei...))... . Individual rafsi outside of lujvo are typically not grammatical (except in certain quotation structures, vel sim.).
zei'ei'au [experimental]
ZEIhEI
begin quote that is converted into rafsi, distributing lujvo-glue between quoted words
Terminated by {zei'oi}. Begins a quote of a grammatical utterance. Between each word in the utterance, {zei} is to be interpreted and any grouping that might be applied is left-grouping. In other words, {zei} is distributed left-groupingly between each word; each word is treated on its own, individually; the quote is not treated as a whole. The final word is interpreted to have {zei} after it as well (this is a quirk of {zei'oi}), thus the quote is a string of rafsi, left-groupingly considered to be a rafsi. In order to end the lujvo formed with such a quote, follow it by {co'e}. This word compactifies large {zei}-clauses/-statements. For the perhaps generally more useful, if slightly more ambiguous, quote marker that treats the quote as a whole entity and converts it singly and wholly into a rafsi (rather than a rafsi string, as is done by this word), see: {zei'ei}. This word works as {zei'ei} does in all other regards (including as a marker for a new word (specifically a lujvo) unless preceded by {zei} or possibly by a standalone and otherwise ungrammatical rafsi). For the purpose of quoting with {ra'oi}, the result of a {zei'ei'au}-quote is treated as a single rafsi.
zei'i [experimental]
UI
attitudinal contour: increasing over time - steady - decreasing over time.
Parallel to {bu'o}.
zei'i'au [experimental]
VUhU3
unary mekso operator: (analytically continued) Riemann zeta function zeta(z), for complex-valued input z.
zei'o [experimental]
ZIhOI
Delete all sumti slots of the immediately preceding word which are not explicitly filled excepting the first n (specified by subscript; contextless default: n=0).
Use SE in order to reorder the sumti slots. Typically, the word in question should be a non-cmavo brivla, but this is not always the case. When used as a rafsi, it modifies the last veljvo and deletes all except the first n (subscripted) sumti slots (regardless of any inferred relations between them and the sumti slots of other companion veljvo, or of any implied filling (unless such is actually explicit), which otherwise would or could exist); in rafsi form, the subscript is implied to be 1 (meaning that all except the first unfilled sumti slot is deleted) unless explicitly specified otherwise, else veljvo structure no longer makes much sense; the subscript marker "{xi}" (proposed rafsi: "-xix-") is required for explicit specification of the subscript unless there is a veljvo bracket or tanru-grouping modifier (such as "{ke'e}") which makes such interpretation the only possible option from a syntactic, semantic, AND practical standpoint. Proposed rafsi: "-zes-" (because the last letteral for it should be able to cluster tightly with "-xix-").
zei'oi [experimental]
ZEI'OI
end rafsi-converting quote: terminates ZEIhEI quote
Elidable terminator (rarely elidable). Ends ZEIhEI quotes. See also: {zei'ei}, {zei'ei'au}. Treats quoted utterance as a rafsi; in order to make it end a lujvo (or act on its own as a brivla), follow it with {co'e} (wherein the the quote is treated as a single word followed by {zei}).
zeki'o
PA*
number/quantity: 7,000 expressed with comma.
zemoi
MOI*
quantified selbri: convert 7 to ordinal selbri; x_1 is seventh among x_2 ordered by rule x_3.
zeno
PA*
number/quantity: 70 [seventy].
zenono
PA*
number/quantity: 700 [seven hundred].
ze'o
-zev-
-ze'o-
FAhA4
location tense relation/direction; beyond/outward/receding from ...
ze'oi [experimental]
GOhOI
converts following word to selbri-unit: "x_1 is related to the meaning of this word in aspect x_2"
Quoting rules are similar to {zo}. Roughly, (ze'oi *coi*) ≈ (me la'e zo *coi* moi). Meant primarily to quote cmavo, to supersede use of {zei} as a way of making "tanru" out of cmavo.
ze'u
ZEhA
time tense interval: a long amount of time.
zi
ZI
time tense distance: instantaneous-to-short distance in time.
zi'a [experimental]
UI3a
nonce-word indicator; indicates previous word is nonce-creation and may be nonstandard
Equivalent to {za'e} but in selma'o UI. See also {za'e}, {pe'a}, {xo'o}
zi'ai [experimental]
UI3a
jargon word indicator; indicates previous word is a jargon word
Jargon words are to have a single, defined, specialized meaning within one particular narrow context (e.g. a game, field of study, or industry), but may also be assigned to other meanings in other contexts. Proposed rafsi: -zam- (technically rafsi for {zai'e}; this rafsi is always placed *before* the modified morpheme(s)) Forethought variant: {zai'e}
zi'a'o [experimental]
VUhU
mathematical operator: the empty/null [one sense]/trivial [one sense]/blank operator
Arity is context-dependent. Induced structure is /probably/ empty/trivial [one sense] as well.
zi'au [experimental]
KOhA
nonexistent/undefining it; the selbri is not applicable when the other terbri are filled in the manner in which they are in this utterance/bridi.
In words for math which have a terbri for the result of an operation, filling that terbri with this word indicates not that the operation evaluates but rather that the operation cannot be applied to the given inputs at all; the operation on those inputs is undefined or has no existing well-defined solution(s). Given the other sumti in the predicate (filling the corresponding terbri), the underlying relation (selbri) is claimed to be invalid in this circumstance. Examples: "non-integrable", "non-measurable" (confer: ".{umre}"), "non-summable" (say, of strings), "the limit does not exist". This avoids the necessity of creating a pair of words for every such mathematical concept (one for when the operation may be applied to the inputs so as to yield a well-defined value which may be specified and one for when such is not the case). Other uses may develop or be found. This word does not 'delete' the terbri (unlike "{zi'o}"); it simply says that the selbri is not really applicable. Whether or not the meaning of this word is within the generic semantic range of "{zo'e}" is debatable and not yet well-established. The conventions employed matter. The case of the product of zero and infinity usually must be handled by a separate definition (especially when dealing only with strictly real numbers); it is quite common to explicitly handle this case by defining the product as zero, but prior to such definition, "lo pilji be li no bei li ci'i" is meaningless and undefined (the symbols can be written but do not actually mean anything) - so, pilji_1 should be filled with this word in such a circumstance. As another example, unless the difference of infinity with infinity is defined (and following the convention that unconnected points have a graph distance of positive countable infinity), which is unnatural, the relationship represented by "{tseingu}" is undefined in its fourth terbri (so, it can be filled with this word) when its first and second sumti belong to mutually different trees (leaving their most recent mutually common ancestor undefined). Notice that the other terbri are well-defined in this circumstance - in particular, tseingu_3 is positive countable infinity; also notice that this word has a slightly less mathematical flavor (especially insofar as the first terbri is not result of applying a mathematical operation to the following terbri) than many other ready examples. Yet another example: In a zero-dimensional universe, klama_4 and possibly klama_5, as well as even more arguably klama_2, are undefined (and can be filled with this word), leaving the notion of 'going' empty and meaningless. In a (-1)-dimensional universe (an empty set), every terbri of "{klama}" (and probably every other word) is undefined and can be filled with this terbri.
zi'e
ZIhE
joins relative clauses which apply to the same sumti.
zi'e'a [experimental]
ZIhEhA
converts a following bu-letteral into a sumti representing the musical natural note with that name.
The next bu-letteral is absorbed and a natural accidental is given to it; e.g. "zi'e'a gy" means "the note G-natural". May be subscripted (zi'e'a xi re, etc.) to refer to nonstandard predefined accidentals. The first two syllables of the cmavo in the zi'e'a series were chosen for the similarity to "zgike". See also: {zi'e'e}, {zi'e'i}, {zi'e'o} and {zi'e'u}.
zi'e'au [experimental]
ZIhEhAU
converts a following number into a sumti representing the MIDI note with that number.
The following number is absorbed and transformed into the musical note with that MIDI ID, e.g. "zi'e'au xa no" refers to the note with MIDI number 60, which is middle C. See also: {zi'e'a}, {zi'e'e}, {zi'e'i}, {zi'e'o}, {zi'e'u}.
zi'e'e [experimental]
ZIhEhA
converts a following bu-letteral into a sumti representing the musical sharp note with that name.
The next bu-letteral is absorbed and a sharp accidental is given to it; e.g. "zi'e'e gy" means "the note G-sharp". Use {zi'e'i} for double sharps or subscript this cmavo to refer to a multiple of the sharp, e.g. for triple sharps or half sharps. Subscripting with a negative value will refer to flats instead. The first two syllables of the cmavo in the zi'e'a series were chosen for the similarity to "zgike". See also: {zi'e'a}, {zi'e'i}, {zi'e'o} and {zi'e'u}.
zi'e'i [experimental]
ZIhEhA
converts a following bu-letteral into a sumti representing the musical double sharp note with that name.
The next bu-letteral is absorbed and a double sharp accidental is given to it; e.g. "zi'e'i gy" means "the note G-double-sharp". For a different multiple of the sharp, use "zi'e'e" with a subscript instead. The first two syllables of the cmavo in the zi'e'a series were chosen for the similarity to "zgike". See also: {zi'e'a}, {zi'e'e}, {zi'e'o} and {zi'e'u}.
zi'ei [experimental]
UI
marks a construct as used for its form only, not its meaning.
Equivalent to {zei'e} but in UI. See also {bi'a}, {zi'a}.
zi'e'o [experimental]
ZIhEhA
converts a following bu-letteral into a sumti representing the musical flat note with that name.
The next bu-letteral is absorbed and a flat accidental is given to it; e.g. "zi'e'o gy" means "the note G-flat". Use {zi'e'u} for double flats or subscript this cmavo to refer to a multiple of the flat, e.g. for triple flats or half flats. Subscripting with a negative value will refer to sharps instead. The first two syllables of the cmavo in the zi'e'a series were chosen for the similarity to "zgike". See also: {zi'e'a}, {zi'e'e}, {zi'e'i} and {zi'e'u}.
zi'e'u [experimental]
ZIhEhA
converts a following bu-letteral into a sumti representing the musical double flat note with that name.
The next bu-letteral is absorbed and a double flat accidental is given to it; e.g. "zi'e'u gy" means "the note G-double-flat". To refer to a different multiple of the flat, use "zi'e'o" with a subscript instead. The first two syllables of the cmavo in the zi'e'a series were chosen for the similarity to "zgike". See also: {zi'e'a}, {zi'e'e}, {zi'e'i} and {zi'e'o}.
zi'o
-zil-
KOhA7
pro-sumti: fills a sumti place, deleting it from selbri place structure;changes selbri semantics.
zi'oi [experimental]
ZIhOI
fills and deletes (in the manner as {zi'o}) all terbri of immediately previous word that are not explicitly filled with a sumti
Implicit/omitted {zo'e} will be deleted. Deletion is only meaningful if the immediately previous word is a brivla with at least one unfilled (explicitly) terbri. In a tanru or other complicated construct, only the most recent word undergoes this terbri deletion (not every term in the construct). A selbri converted to a sumti by gadri has x1 terbri filled for the purposes of this word; likewise is the case for terbri accessed by {be} or {bei}; seltau in the main level of a sumti are filled by the gadri as well for the purposes of this word.
zo
ZO
quote next word only; quotes a single Lojban word (not a cmavo compound or tanru).
zo'a
-zon-
-zo'a-
FAhA4
location tense relation/direction; tangential to/passing by ...
zo'ai [experimental]
LE
quotes a selbri.
Roughly equivalent to {lu} *selbri* {li'u}, but shorter and way more convenient to use.
zo'au [experimental]
ZOhAU
start logical, topical, or termset postnex
Like {zo'u}, but placed after a bridi or {tu'e}...{tu'u} clause.
zo'e
KOhA7
pro-sumti: an elliptical/unspecified value; has some value which makes bridi true.
zo'ei [experimental]
LAhE
Something associated with; equivalent to ''zo'e pe'' or "lo co'e be".
There are a lot of cases where people use "tu'a" where they actually mean zo'ei; once I noticed the usefulness of such a word to elide whole chunks of sentences, I started wanting it all the time. -camgusmis
zo'e'u [experimental]
ZOhEhU
end attitudinal quotation
Terminator for {zo'i'o}.
zo'i
-zor-
-zo'i-
FAhA4
location tense relation/direction; nearer than .../inward/approaching from ...
zoi
ZOI
delimited non-Lojban quotation; the result treated as a block of text.
zoi'ai [experimental]
ZOIhAI
non-mekso quote/name substitution for ordered collection of prescriptions, descriptions, definitions, etc.
Delimited non-math/non-mekso quote (works like {zoi} in this respect). Treats the quote as a substitute for some formal collection of rules or mathematical description/definitions/notations; the exact meaning of the quote must be inferred as is the case with {la} or any quote; the quote is treated as a single block of text representative a single entity so described in only that case/context by the utterer; can be used to clarify the interpretation of text (convention specification; text need not be mathematical (in which case, it must be used in a meta-linguistic scope)) or as an operand of certain mathematical operators (or, more generally perhaps, bridi). Might be useful for quoting names as descriptors for arguments of operands. For example: orderings, metrics, bases, densities, analytic properties, conventions, etc. can all be more easily described by a moniker than by a formal mathematical description. See also: {ju'au}, {se'au}, {mau'au}.
zoi'ai'e [experimental]
ZOIhOhE
empty string/text/word
More or less equivalent to {lu li'u}, but is useful for when that construct would not be grammatical or practical; it also be used when a single word is necessary, etc. Commonly represented by epsilon or lambda. See also: {zai'e}.
zoi'i [experimental]
KOhA5
pro-sumti: current topic (most recent unquantified sumti occurring in a prenex).
zo'i'o [experimental]
ZOhIhO
quote indicators only
Quotes everything up until the next non-indicator. Terminator is {zo'e'u} (always elidable unless you want to attach attitudinals to the quotation). Most useful in conjunction with {sensipi}.
zoi'o'e [experimental]
ZOIhOhE
elliptical/unspecified/vague string/text/word
In numbers/mekso, produces a string of single-symbols or digits (not considered as a single entity, but a concatenated sequence of those symbols).
zoi'u [experimental]
FA
tags a topic or prenex; scopes over the entire bridi (unless there is already a {zo'u} clause).
In other words, scope will be preserved in case the tag is moved around. Equivalent to appending another term at the end of the {zo'u}-clause. See {zo'u}.
zo'o
UI5
attitudinal modifier: humorously - dully - seriously.
See also {xajmi}, {junri}.
zo'obu
bu-letteral
BY*
letteral: humor symbol, ':-)' and its related forms expressing humor (letteral).
zo'ocu'i
UI*5
attitudinal modifier: humorously - dully - seriously.
zo'oi [experimental]
ZOhOI
quote next non-Lojban word only; quotes a single non-Lojban word delimited by pauses (in speech) or whitespace (in writing)
See also {zo}, {zoi}, {la'oi}.
zo'onai
UI*5
attitudinal modifier: humorously - dully - seriously.
zo'oro'u
UI*
Attitudinal: innuendo/sexual wordplay marker (the "sexy ;) " emoji).
zo'u
ZOhU
marks end of logical prenex quantifiers/topic identification and start of sentence bridi.
zu
ZI
time tense distance: long distance in time.
zu'a
FAhA2
location tense relation/direction; leftwards/to the left of ...
zu'ai [experimental]
KOhA7
shows mutual activity between this place and the first place of the current bridi; members participating in the activity are put into the first place (that e.g. can be formed by connecting sumti with {ce} or {jo'u})
See also {simxu}, {zi'o}
zu'au [experimental]
FAhA2
location tense relation/direction (angular); counterclockwise from..., locally leftwards/to the left of ...
See also: {zucna}, {du'oi}.
zu'e
BAI
zukte modal, 1st place (purposed agent) with goal-seeking actor ...
zu'ei [experimental]
ZUhEI
Adverbial, metacommentary-introducing, and complex discursive: I express this utterance/construct/(rest of the) bridi which has been tagged for the purpose or goal of enacting, causing, enabling, implementing, actualizing, manifesting, enhancing, yielding, or rendering applicable the immediately following and enclosed bridi or in order to make the immediately following and enclosed bridi be true (or closer to the truth or more true or more strongly true) in application to the utterance/construct/rest of the bridi which has been tagged by this marker; the tagged expression/construct is for the benefit or sake of making the immediately following and enclosed bridi true.
Terminated by ".{i}", the end of the text/utterance, or by explicit elidable terminator "{ku'oi}". Between this word and the termination of its scope, a non-empty bridi X is to be enclosed; the whole expression (this word, X, and this word's terminator) is then collapsed down into a single UI-style discursive with the aforementioned meaning and which attaches to and modifies (i.e.: tags) the immediately preceding construct in the style of UI; if the tagged construct is the whole bridi (in other words, this word is placed at the beginning of a bridi/expression/utterance or so as to tag "{vau}"), then it applies to that whole bridi with the ommission of this word, X, and this word's terminator. This differs from "{tezu'e}" in that this word opens a metacommentary on why the author/speaker/utterer is deciding to utter the tagged construct, and is not expressing the goals of the actors within the main/rest of the bridi; for example "{mi} {klama} te zu'e {lo} {nu} {zanfri}" roughly means "I went for the fun of it" or "I went in order to have fun there (or via the act of the journey itself)", whereas "{mi} {klama} zu'ei {zanfri}" means something like "I express the following utterance to you for the sake of (someone's) enjoyment: I went." (maybe this is some sort of joke). Beware of accidentally sumti-raising vel sim. within or instead of expressing X as a bridi. "{ke'a}" can be used in X and refers to the rest of uterred expression/bridi with particular focus/attachment to/emphasis on the tagged construct. Example: "frankly"/"honestly"/"in order to be honest", "clarifying"/"in order to be clear" (not: "clearly"; compare to "{kai'au}" version of the same, which expresses the speaker's understanding but does not indicate that the tagged construct is for the benefit of or enanlement of the understanding of the audience), "for the sake of argumentation", "out of an abundance of caution", "dispelling rumor"/"in order to dispel rumor", "in order to dispel doubt"/"removing doubt", "for the sake of emphasis", "repeating this explanation in order to ensure understanding", "in order to be neutral in this affair" (compare with "{kai'au}" version of the same, which claims that neutrality is already achieved), "in order to confuse the audience" (compare to "{kai'au}").
zu'i
KOhA7
pro-sumti: the typical sumti value for this place in this relationship; affects truth value.
zu'i'a [experimental]
KOhA
typically what?
Ask what {zu'i} in the place means. From {zu'i} + {ma}. It will be usually used to learn brivla.
zu'o
-zum-
NU1
abstractor: activity (event) abstractor; x_1 is abstract activity of [bridi] composed of x_2.
zu'oi [experimental]
VUhU
mekso; binary operator: z-score for the X_1 quantile; X_2 (default: 1) acts as the descriptor toggle (see notes).
If X_2 = 0, then X_1 is to be interpreted as a quantile and the output is the corresponding (canonical-gaussian) z-score; if X_2 = 1 (which is the default), then X_1 is to be interpreted as the area below the canonical gaussian and between the output number of standard deviations from the mean of the canonical gaussian. Thus, zu'oi(X_1, 1) = zu'oi((1/2) + (X_1 / 2), 0). Example: zu'oi(.95, 1) = zu'oi(.975, 0) = 1.959964...; for more information on this example, see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1.96 . For the purposes of this definition, the canonical guassian is such that its mean is 0 and its standard deviation is 1. This number is used in confidence interval calculations, via the sample mean and standard error.
zu'u
UI3
discursive: on the one hand - on the other hand.
See also {karbi}, {frica}, {dukti}
zu'ucu'i
UI3*
on the gripping hand
Used after {zu'u} and {zu'unai}, to refer to a third case not covered by two opposing viewpoints.
zu'unai
UI*3
discursive: on the one hand - on the other hand.
zy
BY2
letteral for z.
zy'ei [experimental]
PA
digit/number: seventeen (decimal 17).
zy'oi [experimental]
LE
exophoric article: some certain thing(s) which… (identity ascertainable from the context).